Vortex domain wall chirality rectification due to the interaction with end domain spin structures in permalloy nanowires Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 252501 (2009); 10.1063/1.3275576 The effect of geometrical confinement and chirality on domain wall pinning behavior in planar nanowires J. Appl. Phys. Domain wall trapping probed by magnetoresistance and magnetic force microscopy in submicron ferromagnetic wire structures J. Appl. Phys. 85, 6178 (1999); 10.1063/1.370213Lorentz microscopy of small magnetic structures (invited) Domain wall traps of varying geometry have been studied using Lorentz microscopy in a transmission electron microscope. Electron beam lithography and lift-off were used to fabricate the elements whose shape allowed the formation of a head-to-head domain structure in the central section. Previous micromagnetic simulations have shown that different head-to-head configurations are possible depending on the width and thickness of the strip. In the majority of our in situ magnetizing experiments a vortex domain wall configuration was nucleated. This could be moved reproducibly between the ends of the element under fields of a few tens of oersted.

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Based on available literature, we concluded that transdermal penetration is poorly predicted by parameters derived from intestinal or Caco-2 model membranes. While this approach may be useful for small sets of structurally related compounds, it appears to have limited value for screening and selection of novel structures in the pharmaceutical industry.

Using monoclonal anti-adenosine A1 receptor antibodies that bind the A1 receptor ligand binding site, we demonstrate that A1 receptors are expressed on cultured monocytes and rheumatoid synovial fluid mononuclear phagocytes. This finding is associated with the acquisition of reactivity with selective adenosine A1 receptor agonists and is temporally coordinated with the induction of adenosine A2 receptors on cultured monocytes. In a rapid, concentration-dependent fashion, these two distinct adenosine receptors modulate Fc gamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis, a response critical to the pathogenesis of immune complex diseases. Occupancy of A1 receptors by N6-cyclopentyladenosine (an A1-specific adenosine analogue) or mAb AA1 (an anti-A1 mAb) results in a potent stimulation that is blocked by adenosine receptor antagonists. This A1 receptor-induced enhancement of Fc gamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis is a consequence of preferential augmentation of Fc gamma RI function, suggesting distinct mechanisms for receptor-effector coupling of Fc gamma receptor families. In contrast, ligation of A2 receptors by A2-specific agonists decreases Fc gamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis in cultured monocytes. The opposing effects of adenosine A1 and A2 receptors allow for a concentration-dependent feed-back loop that responds more rapidly than effects elicited by other endogenous modulators. Low concentrations of adenosine are proinflammatory providing enhanced Fc gamma receptor function via A1 receptors, whereas higher concentrations that can occur with tissue damage are anti-inflammatory providing inhibition via A2 receptors. This rapid and potent modulation of Fc gamma receptor-mediated function suggests that adenosine is an important local regulator of the inflammatory response.