Manufacturing defects in the near-surface region of 2& Cr 1 % Mo castings were investigated in a joint research programme. After ultrasonic testing and X-ray inspection, large push-pull specimens (cross section 1000 mm2) were taken from castings in regions with indications of defects and tested under fully reversed loading in the elastic and elastic plastic region up to predetermined levels of defect growth. The defects are micropores, pin holes, slag and oxide layers or inclusions, hot tears and small micro cracks in welds.
A model system containing a nonionic surfactant (nonylphenol + 9.5EO) and an anionic surfactant (Sodium C14-16 alpha-olefin Sulfonate) was used to study the effect of surfactants on droplet size and dynamic interfacial tension. BLANDOL™ (white mineral oil) was selected as the oil phase and the dynamic interfacial tension of the two surfactants at various concentrations, temperatures and in the presence of electrolyte was measured. The effect of using the surfactants separately and together was also measured. In addition, the effect of adding the surfactant to the oil phase and the water phase to the oil phase was determined.
The implications of the results are discussed with respect to emulsion stability, demulsification, spray drying, spray drift control, wetting and spreading.
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