Kimchi is recognized worldwide as the flagship food of Korea. To date, most of the currently available microbiological studies on kimchi deal with Korean manufactures. Moreover, there is a lack of knowledge on the occurrence of eumycetes in kimchi. Given these premises, the present study was aimed at investigating the bacterial and fungal dynamics occurring during the natural fermentation of an artisan non-Korean kimchi manufacture. Lactic acid bacteria were dominant, while Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and yeasts progressively decreased during fermentation. Erwinia spp., Pseudomonasveronii, Pseudomonasviridiflava, Rahnellaaquatilis, and Sphingomonas spp. were detected during the first 15 days of fermentation, whereas the last fermentation phase was dominated by Leuconostoc kimchi, together with Weissellasoli. For the mycobiota at the beginning of the fermentation process, Rhizoplaca and Pichia orientalis were the dominant Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) in batch 1, whereas in batch 2 Protomyces inundatus prevailed. In the last stage of fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida sake,Penicillium, and Malassezia were the most abundant taxa in both analyzed batches. The knowledge gained in the present study represents a step forward in the description of the microbial dynamics of kimchi produced outside the region of origin using local ingredients. It will also serve as a starting point for further isolation of kimchi-adapted microorganisms to be assayed as potential starters for the manufacturing of novel vegetable preserves with high quality and functional traits.
The aim of this study was to evaluate, at a laboratory scale, the ability of this microorganism to grow in seawater and bioaccumulate in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) maintained in constantly aerated tanks, containing twenty litres of artificial seawater. Three concentrations of A. butzleri LMG 10828T were tested (about 5 × 106 CFU/mL, 5 × 104 CFU/mL, and 5 × 102 CFU/mL). Following contamination, enumeration of A. butzleri was performed from water and mussels each day, for up to 96 h. Three contamination experiments with artificial seawater in absence of mussels were also performed in the same manner. In the experiments with mussels, A. butzleri declined in water of approximately 1 log every 24 h from the contamination. In artificial seawater without mussels the concentration of A. butzleri remained on the same logarithmic level in the first 48 h and then decreased of about 1 log every 24 hours. In mussels, the concentration was approximately 2 log lower than the exposition level after 24 h from the contamination, and then it decreased exponentially of 1 log every 24 h. Our findings suggest that in the experimental conditions tested A. butzleri is neither able to effectively grow in seawater nor bioaccumulate in mussels, at least in the free and cultivable form.
Law provisions about direct sell of raw bovine milk require VTEC O157 monitoring in bovine milk farms (milk and faeces). It has been showed that culture-based methods used for this scope, besides being cumbersome and time-consuming, may be also less sensitive, compared to molecular approaches. In this study, a multiplex Real-Time PCR, able to identify VTEC O157, Salmonella spp and Listeria monocytogenes, has been used to analyse milk, filter, sewage and stool samples from a milk farm, in comparison with standard OIE methods. The performances of the molecular protocol have been preliminary assessed with lyophilized samples from proficiency testing VLA, showing 100% accordance. Results from field samples indicated the absence of the pathogen in milk, and the higher sensitivity of Real-Time PCR with other matrices, suggesting its potential use for fast VTEC O157 identification
INTRODUCTIONChikungunya is an emerging Arbovirus of immense public health concern in Southeast Asian and African countries (6). Chikungunya virus (ChikV) is a single stranded positive sense enveloped RNA virus. It is a member of Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family and is transmitted to humans by Aedes aegypti (4). ChikV has two Open Reading Frames (ORFs), codifying for non structural proteins (nsP1, nsP2, nsP3 e nsP4) and for structural proteins (C, E2, E3, E1). ChikV produces an illness in humans that is often characterized by sudden onset of fever, headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, rashes, myalgia and severe arthralgic pain (3, 5). Arthralgia may persist in a small proportion of cases even for months and has a great economic impact in many tropical countries. Currently, the diagnosis of ChikV-infection is accomplished through either virus isolation or detection of virus-specific antibodies by ELISA or genomic detection by retro transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In the last few years tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), spread quickly and widely in the whole Italian territory. These insects are ideal vectors for different Arboviruses, particularly Dengue virus (DenV), and ChikV, causing millions of patients in the world per year. From ECDC data (European Centre for Diseases Control), several Member States have reported ChikV fever cases in travellers returning from affected areas, above all in South-East Asia. ChikV appeared for the first time in Italy in 2007 and spread in the Provinces of Ravenna, Rimini, Forlì and Bologna, causing more than 300 clinical cases (2). The great alarm in the Italian population drove health authorities to improve the surveillance of Arboviruses. This situation prompted regional public health authorities and the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche to begin a Surveillance Plan for this virus and a Vector Monitoring Program in the Marche Region, which is close to the area where the virus first appeared. The aim of this plan was the reduction of vector density and the very early individualization of illness cases to prevent viral spread. Monitoring was carried out by ovitraps, while
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