Commercial crossbred barrows and gilts (n = 340) were used to study the effects of different dietary inclusions of ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) on quality of LM and semimembranosus muscle (SM). Pigs were blocked by BW (107.3 ± 0.76 kg) and allotted to gender-specific pens (10 to 12 pigs/pen), and within blocks, pens of barrows or gilts (10 pens/treatment) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary RAC inclusions (0, 5, or 10 mg/kg) fed during the last 28 d before slaughter. Initial (45-min) and ultimate (24-h) pH and temperature were measured in LM and SM. Visual and instrumental [lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) values] color as well as drip loss percentages were measured in both muscles after the 24-h chilling period at 1 to 4 °C. The LM was also evaluated for marbling, and samples of the LM were used to measure intramuscular fat (IMF) content, cooking losses, and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF). Pork quality characteristics of the LM (P ≥ 0.227) and SM (P ≥ 0.082) did not differ between barrows and gilts. Furthermore, neither pH nor temperature of the LM (P ≥ 0.164) or SM (P ≥ 0.284) was affected by feeding pigs RAC. The LM from pigs fed 10 mg/kg of RAC received lesser (P = 0.032) subjective color scores than LM from pigs fed 0 and 5 mg/kg of RAC, and LM from pigs fed 10 mg/kg of RAC was less (P = 0.037) red than LM from pigs fed 0 mg/kg of RAC. In addition, SM from pigs fed 10 mg/kg of RAC had lesser (P ≤ 0.015) a* and b* values than pork from control-fed pigs; however, L* values for LM and SM were not (P ≥ 0.081) affected by dietary RAC. Drip loss percentages of the LM were similar (P = 0.815) among RAC treatments, but the SM from RAC-fed pigs had smaller (P = 0.020) drip loss percentages than SM from pigs fed 0 mg/kg of RAC. Marbling scores and IMF content of the LM did not (P ≥ 0.133) differ among RAC treatments; however, WBSF values were greater (P = 0.005) for LM chops from pigs fed 10 mg/kg than chops from pigs fed 0 and 5 mg/kg of RAC. Even though feeding barrows and gilts 10 mg/kg of dietary RAC reduced (P = 0.050) cooking losses of LM chops compared with feeding 5 mg/kg of RAC, including 10 mg/kg of RAC in the diet of finishing pigs reduced pork tenderness. Therefore, results from this study support the recommendation that including 5 mg/kg of RAC in finishing diets should improve live pig performance without detrimental effects on fresh pork quality and cooked pork palatability.

IVBem-estar animal no manejo pré-abate e a influência na qualidade da carne suína e nos parâmetros fisilógicos do estresse Animal welfare at pre-slaughter handling and the influence on pork meat quality and on stress physiological parameters

A panel of 13 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that react against outer membrane proteins of Salmonella Enteritidis was obtained. Two MAbs were classified as IgM, six were IgG2a, three were IgG3 and one was of the IgG2b isotype. The reactivity of the MAbs against different serovars of Salmonella enterica and other bacteria was investigated using an indirect ELISA. Five MAbs reacted only against Salmonella Enteritidis. Two MAbs presented crossed reactions with thermo-extracted antigens of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii and Enterobacter aerogenes. MAb 424H presented wide spectrum of reactivity, detecting antigens of Salmonella belonging to serogroups B, C, D, E and G. The detection limit of different serovars of Salmonella in a indirect ELISA with MAb 424H varied from 1.0 x 10 4 CFU/mL for Salmonella London to 1.4 x 10 6 CFU/mL for Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Typhimurium. Evaluation of the performance of the ELISA with MAb 424H in the detection of Salmonella in samples of chicken meat artificially contaminated revealed that the ELISA was able to detect all serovars after sample enrichment using two levels of contamination. Samples of chicken meat not artificially contaminated analysed in parallel were negative for Salmonella in both the conventional and the ELISA methods.

Ractopamine is a β-adrenergic agonist used as an energy repartitioning agent in the diets of finishing pigs. Most ractopamine studies are limited to evaluations of growth performance and meat quality, and there is little information on the effects of this additive on the behavior and welfare of pigs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate various indicators of stress caused by feeding diets containing ractopamine. One hundred seventy barrows and 170 gilts weighing 107.3 kg were allocated to 30 pens with 10 to 12 barrows or gilts per pen. Pigs were offered 1 of the 3 dietary treatments (0, 5, or 10 mg ractopamine/kg) for 28 d with 5 barrow pens and 5 gilt pens per treatment. Pigs were evaluated for behavior 3 d per week 1 wk before the initiation of the experiment and throughout the experiment. Each pig was classified into 1 of the 13 activities (drinking water, lying alone, lying in clusters, standing, nosing pig, sitting, feeding, biting pig, walking, exploring, running away, playing, and mounting pen mates) and also grouped into 1 of the 3 categories (calm, moving, and feeding themselves) based on those activities. At the end of the experiment, 3 pigs from each pen were slaughtered, and blood samples were collected during exsanguination to determine physiological indicators of stress (cortisol, lactate, and creatine-kinase enzymes). The incidence of skin and carcass lesions was determined at shoulder, loin, and ham. Ractopamine had no effect (P > 0.05) on pig behavior, total number of skin and carcass lesions, or blood concentrations of cortisol or lactate. However, there was an increase (P < 0.05) of creatine kinase concentrations in pigs receiving ractopamine-supplemented feed. This finding is consistent with the concept that ractopamine may cause muscular disorders, and this warrants further investigation.

Two hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that react with a lipoprotein (LipL32) of the outer membrane of pathogenic Leptospira were obtained. For hybridoma production, spleen cells from BALB/c mice imunized with recombinant LipL32 (rLipL32) were fused to SP2/O-Ag14 cells, selected in HAT medium and screened in an indirect ELISA. One MAb produced was of the IgG2b isotype and the other was an IgM. MAbs specificity was confirmed by indirect ELISA and immunoblotting using purified rLipL32 and whole-cell antigen preparations from Escherichia coli (E. coli) expressing LipL32 and from pathogenic and nonpathogenic serovars. Both Mabs reacted with most of the pathogenic serovars tested and none reacted with non-pathogenic Leptospira. The MAbs described have potential for use in diagnostic tests for leptospirosis.

resumoSuínos provenientes de três linhagens genéticas A, B e C comercializadas no Brasil, com peso vivo de 100 a 120 kg foram submetidos ao insensibilizador elétrico manual (45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59)(60) Hz e 1,4 -1,5 A) e ao sistema gasoso coletivo (COMBI-BUTINA 90% CO 2 ). Alíquotas sanguíneas, para determinação dos níveis de creatina fosfoquinase (CPK), lactato e cortisol, assim como amostras do músculo semimembranosus (10 g) para a determinação do gene halotano, foram coletadas. Comparando-se os sistemas de insensibilização elétrico e gasoso (CO 2 ), o elétrico demonstrou ser mais estressante, proporcionando maiores concentrações plasmáticas de cortisol (p ≤ 0,001) e lactato (p ≤ 0,001) para as linhagens genéticas A e C, nas condições estudadas, porém não se observou diferenças significativas para os indicadores sanguíneos e sistemas de insensibilização em questão quando a linhagem B foi considerada. Diferenças significativas entre as linhagens genéticas A, B e C foram obtidas comparando-se os valores plasmáticos de creatina fosfoquinase (p ≤ 0,001), lactato (p ≤ 0,001) e cortisol (p ≤ 0,001) quando atordoados com o sistema gasoso, entretanto, quando o sistema elétrico foi utilizado, somente os valores de cortisol apresentaram diferenças significativas (p ≤ 0,001). A presença do gene halotano (Nn) foi observada somente na linhagem B. PAlAvrAs-chAve: insensibilização, bem-estar animal, suínos, estresse. summArY EVALUATION OF PIG HYBRIDS STUNNED WITH ELECTRICAL AND GASEOUS (CO 2 ) SYSTEMS. PART 1 -BLOOD STRESS INDICATORS.Pigs of three genetics lineages A, B and C marketed in Brazil, with alive weight from 100 to 120 kg were submitted to the manual electric stunning (Karl Schermer 220-230/250 volts, 45-60 Hz and 1.4 -1.5 A) and to the collective gaseous system (COMBI-BUTINA 90% CO 2 ). Blood samples, for levels determination of creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate and cortisol, as well as samples of the semimembranosus muscle (10 g) for the determination of the gene halothane, were collected. Being compared the electric and gaseous stunning systems, the electric stunning did demonstrate to be more stressful providing larger plasmatic concentrations of cortisol ( p ≤ 0.001) and lactate ( p ≤ 0.001) for the genetic lineages A and C, in the studied conditions. However it didn't observe significant differences beween the sanguine indicators and stunning systems in subject when the lineage B was considered. Significant differences among the genetic lineages A, B and C were obtained being compared the plasmatic values of creatine phosphokinase (p ≤ 0.001), lactate (p ≤ 0.001) and cortisol (p ≤ 0.001) when stunned with the gaseous system, however when the electric system was used only the cortisol values presented significant differences (p ≤ 0.001). The presence of the gene halothane (Nn) was only observed in the lineage B.

O desenvolvimento das anomalias PSE e DFD na carne suína é fruto de interação entre o genótipo e o ambiente. Portanto, os procedimentos de abate por si constituem fatores estressantes muito fortes para os animais. Embora a insensibilização elétrica tenha sido muito difundida desde o final da década de 1920, o aspecto humanitário da insensibilização com CO 2 ainda é um assunto muito controvertido dentro da comunidade científica. Esta técnica de insensibilização vem ganhando muita popularidade na comunidade européia. Entretanto, aspectos relativos ao bem-estar proporcionado por esta técnica são muito questionados [50]. AVALIAÇÃO DE DIFERENTES HÍBRIDOS SUÍNOS SUBMETIDOS RESUMOSuínos provenientes de três linhagens genética (A, B e C) comercializados no Brasil, com peso vivo de 100 a 120 kg foram submetidos ao insensibilizador elétrico manual (Karl Schermer 220-230/250 volts, 45-60 Hz e 1,4-1,5A) e ao gasoso coletivo (Combi-Butina 90% CO 2 ) no mesmo abatedouro. O sistema gasoso proporcionou aos híbridos valores (b*) superiores (p≤0,001) quando comparados ao sistema elétrico, assim como diferenças nos valores médios de refletância luminosa interna (Hennessy-gp4) aos 45 min. pm e 24ª h pm (p≤0,05). Quando submetidos ao sistema gasoso, diferenças entre os híbridos nos valores médios de luminosidade superficial (L) 24ª h pm (p≤0,0001), pH 24ª h pm (SM) (p≤0,0001), valores (b*) 24ª h pm (p≤0,05), reflectância luminosa interna aos 45 min e 24ª h (LD) (p≤0,001) foram observadas. Utilizando-se o sistema manual elétrico verificaram-se diferenças significativas nos valores médios de refletância luminosa interna (LD) aos 45 min. e 24ª h pm (p≤0,001), assim como nos valores médios de pH 24ª h pm (SM) e (SC) (p≤0,05). Entretanto as diferenças obtidas entre os sistemas de insensibilização e híbridos estudados não foram suficientes para proporcionar diferenças significativas nos valores de capacidade de retenção de água, perda por exsudação e "umidade exprimível". Palavras-chave: insensibilização, bem-estar animal, qualidade de carne. SUMMARY EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT SWINE BREEDS SUBMITTED TO THE ELECTRIC AND GASEOUS(CO 2 ) STUNNING SYSTEMS.PART 2 -QUALITY OBJECTIVE MENSURATIONS. Pigs of three genetic lineages A, B and C commercialized in Brazil, with weight from 100 to 120 kg, were submitted to the manual electric stunning (Karl Schermer 220-230/250 Volts, 45-60 Hz and 1,4 -1,5A) and to the collective gaseous system (COMBI-BUTINA 90% CO 2 ) at the same slaughterhouse. The gaseous system provided to the hybrids an increase in the values (b*) (p≤0,001), when compared to the electric system, as well as differences in the average values of light scattering (Hennessy-gp4) to the 45 min. pm and 24ª h pm (p≤0,05). When submitted to the gaseous system, differences among the hybrid in the average values of superficial brightness (L) 24ª h pm (p≤0,0001) pH 24ª h pm (SM) (p≤0,0001), values (b*) 24ª h pm (p≤0,05), light scattering 45 min e 24ª h (LD) (p≤0,001) were observed. By using the manual electric system, significant differences were v...

resumoTrês linhagens genética suína A, B e C comercializadas no Brasil, foram submetidas ao insensibilizador elétrico manual (45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59)(60) Hz e 1,4 -1,5 A) e ao sistema gasoso coletivo (COMBI-BUTINA 90% CO 2 ) . A insensibilização elétrica proporcionou níveis mais elevados de salpicamento nas regiões do coxão mole (0,477 e 0,26, p ≤ 0,01), paleta/cranial (0,154 e 0,039, p ≤ 0,05), paleta/central (0,261 e 0,052, p ≤ 0,001), paleta/caudal (0,180 e 0,030, p ≤ 0,01), lombo/ central (0,185 e 0,065, p ≤ 0,01), lombo/caudal (0,06 e 0,207, p ≤ 0,01) e lombo/lateral externa (0,061 e 0,013, p ≤ 0,05), assim como salpicamento mais difuso nas regiões do coxão-mole (0,461 e 0,279, p ≤ 0,05), paleta/cranial (0,154 e 0,039, p ≤ 0,01), paleta/central (0,231 e 0,039, p ≤ 0,001) e paleta/caudal (0,185 e 0,026, p ≤ 0,001). O sistema elétrico também proporcionou maiores índices de escoriações da pele nas regiões da paleta (1,098 e 0,795, p ≤ 0,001), corpo (1,04 e 0,948, p ≤ 0,05) e pernil (0,84 e 0,68, p ≤ 0,001), assim como elevados índices de reflexo palpebral (11,57%) comparativamente ao gasoso (2,86%), de um total de 426 suínos. Pequenos índices de fraturas ósseas e contusões musculares em animais de ambos os sistemas foram observados. Palavras-chave: sistemas de insensibilização, bem-estar animal, qualidade. The electric stunning also provided higher skin damage levels in the areas of the shoulder (1.098 and 0.795, p ≤ 0.001), body (1.04 and 0.948, p ≤ 0.05) and ham (0.84 and 0.68, p ≤ 0.001), as well as higher eyelid reflex levels (11.57%) comparatively to the gaseous system (2.86%) of a total of 426 pigs. Small indexes of bone fractures and muscle bruises were found in both systems.