Resumen: En el presente artículo se discuten tres corrientes teóricas alternativas al cognitivismo, para explicar el desarrollo hacia la pericia en el ámbito del aprendizaje y del control motor en deporte, haciendo especial énfasis en el enactivismo. En la primera parte se tratan las principales nociones de la psicología ecológica, como la regulación del movimiento, la percepción directa o la reciprocidad entre percepción y acción. A continuación se explican las principales aportaciones de la teoría de los sistemas dinámicos a la comprensión de la coordinación del movimiento, de la emergencia de la motricidad y de la interacción de las diferentes variables o restricciones. En el siguiente apartado, se expone el enfoque enactivo como una extensión conceptual proveniente de las ciencias cognitivas y que trasciende a los otros paradigmas. Desde esta orientación, se aboga por una fusión entre el cuerpo y la mente del deportista que es indisociable al medio ambiente y que se opone al dualismo y reduccionismo imperante. Por último, se presentan algunas directrices y aplicaciones de investigaciones enactivas que en la actualidad están en pleno desarrollo. Palabras clave: Enactivismo; cognición; acoplamiento informaciónmovimiento; post-cognitivismo; deporte; pericia.
Frequencies of two SNPs in the μ-calpain (CAPN1) and calpastatin (CAST) genes in local and foreign commercial cross-breeds used in south-western Spain (Charolais, Limousin, and Retinta) were evaluated and the association of these markers with texture analysis in animals fattened under different feedlot conditions was assessed. Marker frequencies were estimated in a 286 bull crossbred population and the longisimus dorsi muscles from subsequently selected 161 animals were used to measure Warner-Bratzler shear force in raw and cooked samples at three different ageing days (1, 7, and 21). Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were found for shear force in raw and cooked meat samples for the three ageing days for the three crossbreeds analyzed. Significant associations were observed for raw meat for the Charolais between shear force and the CAPN1 marker (P = 0.019), as well as between the CAST polymorphism and shear force (P = 0.027) in the Limousin. No associations were found between the markers and shear force in the Retinta (P > 0.05). In contrast, although these markers might be useful in particular selected populations due to their effect on objective texture parameters, no significant association (P > 0.05) was found for cooked meat in the sample of Spanish commercial crossbreeds used in this study. Further studies with a higher number of animals will be necessary to confirm these results.
The classical cognitive concept of anticipation and timing (for example, reaction time) somewhat limits the study of sports actions under spatio-temporal pressure. The presence, duration and evolution of the information of the opponents, spatio-temporal pressure, the evolution of the athlete's response movements or the degree of representativeness are some of the issues facilitating research into an anticipation that is better adjusted to the specific circumstances of interception tasks. This article proposes that temporalization of response actions is based on the balance between the spatio-temporal demands of the task, the athlete's action capabilities and the evolution of the reliability of the available variables. In order to obtain good performance in these actions under pressure, individual perceptual differences and possible interactions with other information sources must also be considered.
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