The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Third Edition (WAIS-III; D. Wechsler, 1997) permits the calculation of both traditional IQ and index scores. However, if only the subtests constituting the index scores are administered, especially those yielding the Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Organization Indexes, there is no equivalent measure of Full Scale IQ. Following the procedure for calculating a General Ability Index (GAI; A. Prifitera, L. G. Weiss, & D. H. Saklofske, 1998) for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Third Edition (D. Wechsler, 1991), GAI normative tables for the WAIS-III standardization sample are reported here.
Samples from the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, as well as from the cecum and colon, were obtained from 11 mature grass-fed horses. Viable counts of total culturable and proteolytic bacteria were made on habitat-simulating media containing 40% clarified ruminal fluid. The mean pHs in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were 6.32, 7.10, and 7.47, respectively; the mean pH decreased to 6.7 in the hindgut. The acetate concentration increased along the length of the small intestine and was the only volatile fatty acid present in this gut segment. Molar proportions of acetate, propionate, and butyrate in the hindgut were 85:10:3. Differences in bacterial counts on habitat-simulating media containing equine cecal fluid or clarified ruminal fluid were negligible. Bacterial counts showed a substantial population in the duodenum (ca. 2.9 X 106 per g [wet weight] of sample), and this increased to 29.0 x 106 in the jejunum and 38.4 x 106 in the ileum. Proteolytic bacteria formed a high proportion of the total culturable bacteria, especially in duodenal samples. Counts of proteolytic bacteria per gram (wet weight) of sample were 3.0 x j06, 15.6 x 106, and 22.0 x 106 in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, respectively. There was a close relationship between lumenal and mucosal bacterial counts, although actual values were lower in mucosal samples. The mucosal bacterial population in the duodenum was high relative to the lumenal population. Although the comparison of bacterial populations in the hindgut of the horse and white rhino was limited to a single animal, the results were of interest. Counts were higher in the cecum than in the colon for both the horse and the white rhino. Counts of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic bacteria in the horse were 10to 100-fold higher than those in the white rhino, despite higher total culturable counts in the white rhino. The results of the study with the horse are discussed in relation to the possible role of the intestinal bacterial flora, especially the mucosal bacterial population, in the etiology of colic.
Given two topologies J1, J2 on a set X, J1 is said to be coarser than J2, written J1 ≦ J2, if every set open under J1 is open under J2. A minimal Hausdorff space is then one for which there is no coarser Hausdorff topology etc. Vaidyanathaswamy [4] showed that every compact Hausdorff space is both maximal compact and minimal Hausdorff. This raised the question of whether there exist minimal Hausdorff non-compact spaces and/or maximal compact non-Hausdorff spaces. These questions were in fact answered in the affirmative by Ramanathan [2], Balachandran [1], and Hing Tong [3]. Their examples were, however, all on countable sets, and the topology constructed to answer one question bore no relation to the topology answering the second. In particular, the minimal Hausdorff non-compact topologies were not finer than any maximal compact topology.
It is suggested that approaches based on Sherratt's model may be useful for dealing with lengths of commuter journeys in cities and a number of relevant p.d.f.'s and expectations are presented for the symmetric case.
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