Recent studies mainly in Arabidopsis have renewed interest and discussion in some of the key issues in hydrotropism of roots, such as the site of water sensing and the involvement of auxin. We examined hydrotropism in maize (Zea mays) primary roots.We determined the site of water sensing along the root using a nonintrusive method. Kinematic analysis was conducted to investigate spatial root elongation during hydrotropic response. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and other hormones were quantified using LC-MS/MS. The transcriptome was analyzed using RNA sequencing.Main results: The very tip of the root is the most sensitive to the hydrostimulant. Hydrotropic bending involves coordinated adjustment of spatial cell elongation and cell flux. IAA redistribution occurred in maize roots, preceding hydrotropic bending. The redistribution is caused by a reduction of IAA content on the side facing a hydrostimulant, resulting in a higher IAA content on the dry side. Transcriptomic analysis of the elongation zone prior to bending identified IAA response and lignin synthesis/wall cross-linking as some of the key processes occurring during the early stages of hydrotropic response.We conclude that maize roots differ from Arabidopsis in the location of hydrostimulant sensing and the involvement of IAA redistribution.

Introduction: As many Americans are becoming overweight or obese, increased body mass index (BMI) is fast becoming normalized. There is a need for more research that highlights the association between prepregnancy obesity and adverse pregnancy outcomes.Aim: To determine the association between increasing pre-pregnancy BMI and adverse pregnancy outcomes.Methods: We utilized the United States Vital Statistics records to collate data on all childbirths in the United States between 2015 and 2019. We determined the association between increasing pre-pregnancy BMI and adverse pregnancy outcomes using multivariate analysis. Neonatal outcomes measures include the fiveminute Apgar score, neonatal unit admission, neonates receiving assisted ventilation > six hours, neonatal antibiotics use, and neonatal seizures. Maternal outcomes include cesarean section rate, mothers requiring blood transfusion, unplanned hysterectomy, and intensive care unit admission. In addition, we controlled for maternal parameters such as race/ethnicity, age, insurance type, and pre-existing conditions such as chronic hypertension and prediabetes. Other covariates include paternal race, age and education level, gestational diabetes mellitus, induction of labor, weight gain during pregnancy, gestational age at delivery, and delivery weight.Results: We studied 15,627,572 deliveries in the US Vital Statistics records between 2015 and 2019. Among these women, 3.36% were underweight, 43.19% were with a normal BMI, 26.34% were overweight, 14.73% were in the obese class I, 7.23% were in the obese class II, and 5.14% were in the obese class III. Increasing pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with significant adverse outcomes across all measures of maternal and neonatal outcomes. Conclusion:A strong association exists between increasing pre-pregnancy BMI and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. The higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes among overweight and obese women remained even after controlling for other traditional risk factors of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.

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RESUMO:A cultura do café conilon (Coffea canephora) apresenta grande importância econômica e social para o Estado do Espírito Santo que apresenta áreas com ocorrência de déficit hídrico. Portanto, objetivou-se quantificar a recuperação das plantas em crescimento inicial de cafeeiro conilon, variedade "Diamante Incaper ES8112", após período de deficit hídrico no solo. Para esta finalidade, o experimento foi conduzido em um esquema fatorial 3 x 2, sendo clones do cafeeiro conilon em 3 níveis e deficit hídrico em 2 níveis, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 4 repetições. Os níveis de deficit hídrico aplicados foram: T0 -irrigado durante todo experimento, e Td -imposição de deficit hídrico 30 dias após plantio até as plantas atingirem 10% da transpiração relativa do nível T0, após atingirem este ponto, estas voltaram a ser irrigadas por um período de 32 dias. Durante o período do experimento, avaliaram-se as seguintes variáveis: área foliar e o diâmetro do caule das plantas. Verifica-se que os melhores resultados de recuperação das plantas de café conilon submetidas ao deficit hídrico foram apresentados pelos clones 74S e 48. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Coffea canephora, Diamante ES8112, deficiência hídrica. WATER DEFICIT INTERFERENCE IN CONILON CLONAL COFFEE IN INITIAL GROWTH ABSTRACT:The culture of conilon coffee (Coffea canephora) presents great economic and social importance for the State of Espírito Santo, wich presents areas with occurrence of water deficit. Therefore, the objective of this work was to quantify the recovery of plants in initial growth of conilon coffee, variety "Diamante Incaper ES8112", after period of water deficit in the soil. For this purpose, the experiment was conducted in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme, with 1 Mestrando em Produção Vegetal, CCAE/UFES, CEP 29.500-000, Alameda José Amado Aride, 07, Centro, Alegre, ES. Fone (28) 999691430.

Background: With 42% of adult Americans obese and 2/3rd of Americans overweight or obese, increased body mass index (BMI) is fast becoming normalized. There is a need to continue highlighting the association between pre-pregnancy obesity and adverse pregnancy outcomes in the country. The aim of the present study is to determine the association between increasing pre-pregnancy BMI and pregnancy outcomes.Methods: We utilized the United States Vital Statistics records to collate data on all childbirths in the United States between 2015 and 2019. We determined the association between increasing pre-pregnancy BMI and adverse pregnancy outcomes using multivariate analysis. Neonatal outcomes measures include the 5-min Apgar score, neonatal unit admission, neonates receiving assisted ventilation > 6 hours, neonatal antibiotics use, and neonatal seizures. Maternal outcomes include cesarean section rate, mothers requiring blood transfusion, unplanned hysterectomy, and intensive care unit admission. In addition, we controlled for maternal parameters such as race/ethnicity, age, insurance type, and preexisting conditions such as chronic hypertension, and prediabetes. Other covariates include paternal race, age and education level, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), induction of labor, weight gain during pregnancy, gestational age at delivery, and delivery weight. Results: We studied 15 627 572 deliveries in the US vital statistics records between 2015 and 2019. Among these women, 3.36% were underweight, 43.19% were with a normal BMI, 26.34% were overweight, 14.73% were in the obese class I, 7.23% were in the obese class II, and 5.14% in the obese class III. Increasing pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with significant adverse outcomes across all measures of maternal and neonatal outcomes. Conclusion: Increasing pre-pregnancy body mass index is associated with significant adverse pregnancy outcomes. Since pre-pregnancy BMI is a modifiable risk, women should be encouraged to lose weight before pregnancy to improve pregnancy outcomes.