ABSTRACTyield, improve some market grade characteristics, and decrease incidence of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus Experiments were conducted from 1999 through 2002 in North(TSWV) (Baldwin and Williams, 2002;Hurt et al., 2003). Interactions of planting pattern and seeding rate with irrigation have been reported for several crops. Irrigation increased corn (Zea mays L.) yield when higher A ltering plant population and row pattern can afplant populations were established compared with lower fect crop yield, quality factors, and pest developplant populations when row pattern was held constant ment in peanut. Pod yield of bunch-type peanut was (Liang et al., 1992). In contrast, corn yield did not in-16% higher when peanut was seeded in rows spaced crease when plant population was increased in absence 46 cm apart compared with 91 cm (Norden and Lipsof irrigation (Liang et al., 1992). In soybean [Glycine comb, 1974). Duke and Alexander (1964) reported pod max (L.) Merr.], increasing plant populations and deyield that was 14% higher in narrow row plantings comcreasing row width increased yield (Lehman and Lampared with traditional wider row patterns using largebert, 1960). In cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), yield seeded Virginia bunch-type peanut. Spanish market increases were noted when seeding rate was increased type peanut planted in 46-cm rows yielded higher than and row spacing was decreased (Briggs et al., 1967; Heitpeanut planted in rows spaced 61, 76, 91, or 107 cm apart holt et al., 1992;Hoskinson et al., 1974). at similar in-row plant populations (Parham, 1942). Cox Determining interactions of seeding rate and planting and Reid (1965) reported that increasing plant populapattern with variables such as cultivar selection and tions by increasing in-row seeding rate or by decreasing irrigation will assist growers and their advisors in develrow width increased pod yield.oping efficient production and pest management sysAlthough the majority of peanut in the USA is seeded tems for peanut. Therefore, research was conducted to in single rows spaced 91 to 102 cm apart, research sugcompare peanut pod yield, market grade characteristics, gests that seeding peanut in standard twin row patterns and TSWV severity when peanut was seeded in various (rows spaced approximately 18 cm apart with centers planting patterns, seeding rates, and cultural practices. of these rows spaced 91 to 102 cm apart) can increase MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field tests were conducted during 2001 and 2002 in northeastern North Carolina to evaluate the impact of cultural practices and in-furrow insecticides on the incidence of Tomato spotted wilt virus (genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae, TSWV), which is transmitted to peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., primarily by tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca Hinds (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Treatments included in row plant populations of 7, 13, and 17 plants per meter; the virginia market-type 'NC V-11' and 'Perry'; planting dates of early and late May; and phorate and aldicarb insecticide applied in-furrow. The incidence of plants expressing visual symptoms of spotted wilt was recorded from mid-June through mid-September. Treatment factors that reduced the incidence of symptoms of plants expressing spotted wilt symptoms included establishing higher plant densities, delaying planting from early May until late May, and applying the in-furrow insecticide phorate. Peanut cultivar did not have a consistent, significant effect on the incidence of symptomatic plants in this experiment.
Field experiments were conducted in North Carolina during 2001 and 2002 to evaluate the impact of cultivar and plant population on the incidence of symptoms of tomato spotted wilt virus, which is transmitted primarily by tobacco thrips [Frankliniellafusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)]. Treatments included the virginia market-type cultivars Gregory, NC-V 11, and Perry seeded at in-row plant populations of 7, 13, and 17 plants/m. In these experiments, there was a consistent trend for increased foliar injury from thrips as plant population decreased. Less thrips feeding 'Former Grad. Res. Asst., Prof., and Prof., respectively, Dept. injury was noted for Gregory and Perry than for NC-V 11. Incidence of visual symptoms of spotted wilt (SW) was recorded from mid-June through mid-September. A plant condition rating was recorded late in the season. Consistent with the results for thrips-induced injury, the percentage of plants infected with SW and the plant condition rating increased as plant population decreased. Gregory had the lowest SW incidence, while NC-V 11 was intermediate between Gregory and the most susceptible Perry. Establishing higher plant densities and planting Gregory rather than NC-V 11 or Perry reduced SW incidence and plant condition rating. Gregory had consistently the highest %ELK (extra large kernels) and %FP(fancy pods) across treatments and locations whereas no definitive trend in market grade characteristics were noted among treatments. In some cases, Perry had a higher incidence of SW, but still had higher pod yields than NC-V 11 with a lower incidence of SW. However, in most cases pod yield correlated with plant condition ratings, and as thrips injury increased, pod yield decreased.
Sicklepod [Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby] control and peanut pod yield with preemergence applications of dimethenamid and dimethenamid plus diclosulam alone or followed by postemergence application of imazapic were compared when peanut was seeded in single and twin row planting patterns. Sicklepod control was 9% higher when peanut was seeded in the twin row planting pattern (rows spaced 18 em apart on 9l-cm centers) compared with peanut planted in the single row planting pattern (single rows on 9l-cm centers) regardless of preemergence or postemergence herbicide treatment. Sicklepod control by dimethenamid plus diclosulam exceeded control by dimethenamid alone in 1 of 2 yr. Imazapic applied postemergence consistently increased sicklepod control over dimethenamid or dimethenamid plus diclosulam alone. Pod yield generally reflected differences noted for sicklepod control when comparing planting patterns and treatments. ' Altering plant population and row pattern can affect crop yield, quality, and pest development in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Pod yield of bunch-type peanut was 16% higher when peanut was seeded in rows spaced 46 em apart compared with yields in rows spaced 91cm apart (Norden and Lipscomb, 1974). Duke and Alexander (1964) reported pod yield that was 14% higher in narrow row plantings compared with traditional wider row patterns using large-seeded virginia bunch-type peanut. Spanish market-type peanut planted in 46-cm rows yielded higher than peanut planted in rows spaced 61, 76, 91, or 107 em apart with the same in-row plant population (Parham, 1942). Cox and Reid (1965) reported that increasing plant populations by increasing in-row seeding rate or by decreasing row width increased pod yield.Although less than 10% of peanut in North Carolina is seeded in twin row planting patterns (rows spaced approximately 18 em apart with centers of these rows spaced 91 to 102 em apart), research suggests that seeding peanut in twin row planting patterns can increase yield,
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