This paper describes two experimental facilities developed to carry out research and development of measurement instruments used in the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) industry. The gaseous and static facilities are capable of testing measurement devices such as flowmeters, densitometers and sampling systems. Testing these instruments in the compositions and conditions likely to be experienced in the industry is essential to ensure that they are capable of achieving the required levels of uncertainty specified by the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). The paper will describe the design of these facilities and give a summary of initial tests which have been carried out.
Paper recycling is assuming increased importance in response to growing concerns over waste disposal and conservation of natural resources. The paper recycling process aims to remove contaminants while retaining the valuable fi bers. This is accomplished through a variety of separation processes including screening, cycloning, fl otation and washing.Today, fl otation dominates the removal of printing inks from recycled paper. A typical composition of a feed pulp is given in Table 1. De-inking is a reverse fl otation process where the fl oat product is the waste rejects and the non-fl oat is the valuable accepts. The increasing volume of recycled paper and the rising quality requirements of de-inked fi bers drive development of fl otation technologies. This has led to trials using column fl otation.Column fl otation in mineral processing has been introduced over the last two decades. Columns offer advantages in terms of reduced fl oor space, reduced operating and capital costs, simplifi ed circuits and greater selectivity (Luttrell et al., 1993). Unfortunately, these advantages are not always fully realized in practice, frequently due to defi ciencies in the design, scale-up and operation of the bubble generating system.The air sparging system should be capable of producing small (ca. 0.5 -2.5 mm), relatively uniform sized bubbles at the required aeration rate (Huls et al., 1991). Small bubbles enhance the capture of fi ne particles (Yoon and Miller, 1982;Dobby and Finch, 1986) and increase the fl otation rate and carrying capacity by increasing the bubble surface area rate (or fl ux) (Finch and Dobby, 1990;Gorain et al., 1996). Too small a bubble (e.g., < 0.2 mm) should be avoided as when loaded they can be swept in to the underfl ow stream (Uribe-Salas, et al., 2003). Many bubble-generating systems are available (Al Taweel, 1989;Dobby and Finch, 1991;Rubinstein, 1995); they can be broadly divided into two types, internal and external.* Author to whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail address: jim.fi nch@mcgill.ca jim.fi nch@mcgill.ca Column fl otation has been introduced for waste paper de-inking to take advantage of low capital cost and excellent separation performance. Bubble generation employs a variety of systems, broadly divided into two types: internal and external. An external in-line static mixer sparger was tested against an internal porous stainless steel sparger. They were compared in an industrial de-inking facility using a 10 cm diameter column. Operating conditions were defi ned and the effect of gas rate, retention time, wash water rate, and froth height on de-inking was investigated. Both spargers gave similar ink recovery and fi ber loss as a function of bubble surface area fl ux. However, the static mixer gave stable operation while the porous sparger showed evidence of plugging over a 6h test. Combined with some ability to control bubble size, overall the in-line static mixer gave superior performance.La fl ottation en colonne a été adaptée pour le désencrage du papier recyclé afi n de ...
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