After the discovery of indiscriminate antibiotic use in ready-for-slaughter cattle in south-western Nigeria, 90 tissue samples from randomly selected slaughtered cattle were evaluated for oxytetracycline and penicillin-G residues using high performance liquid chromatography and the data analysed by one-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings revealed residues of oxytetracycline (kidney: 9.47 µ/kg ± 3.24 µ/kg; liver: 12.73 µ/kg ± 4.39 µ/kg; muscle: 16.17 µ/kg ± 5.52 µ/kg) and penicillin-G (kidney: 6.27 µ/kg ± 2.46 µ/kg; liver: 8.5 µ/kg ± 2.80 µ/kg; muscle: 11.67 µ/kg ± 2.94 µ/kg) in all tissues screened. Significantly high levels (oxytetracycline: F = 16.77; penicillin-G: F = 29.38) were, however, found in muscles, followed by liver and then kidney – findings confirming recent antibiotic administration to the animals before slaughter. The dietary intakes through the tissues screened were 0.024% (oxytetracycline) and 0.017% (penicillin-G) of the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Although the concentrations in the tissues screened were below the maximum residue limits despite recent administration of these antibiotics before slaughter, the lower concentrations are suggestive of the probable low dosages often administered by those involved in indiscriminate use of antibiotics. This therefore raises serious concerns for the livestock industry as well as human health, given the resultant emergence and spread of resistant strains of bacterial pathogens that could ensue from prolonged use of low dosages of antibiotics. Additionally, the lower concentrations of the daily intakes notwithstanding, the plausible exposure to these antibiotics from other food sources is a cause for concern. Since antimicrobial misuse and its consequent effects are not just a problem limited to Nigeria but also a concern in sub-Saharan Africa, the need for national and international stakeholder intervention is emphasised.
Bovine brucellosis is endemic in Nigeria; however, limited data exist on nationwide studies and risk factors associated with the disease. Using a cross-sectional sero-epidemiological survey, we determined the prevalence of and risk factors for brucellosis in slaughtered cattle in three geographical regions of Nigeria. Serum samples from randomly selected unvaccinated cattle slaughtered over a period of 3 years (between December 2010 and September 2013) from northern, southern and south-western Nigeria were tested for antibodies to Brucella abortus using the Rose Bengal test. Data associated with risk factors of brucellosis were analysed by Stata Version 12. In all, 8105 cattle were screened. An overall seroprevalence of 3.9% (315/8105) was recorded by the Rose Bengal test, with 3.8%, 3.4% and 4.0% from the northern, southern and south-western regions, respectively. Bivariate analysis showed that cattle screened in northern Nigeria were less likely to be seropositive for antibodies to Brucella spp. than those from south-western Nigeria (odds ratio = 0.94; 95% confidence interval: 0.73–1.22). However, logistic regression analysis revealed that breed ( p = 0.04) and sex ( p £ 0.0001) of cattle were statistically significant for seropositivity to Brucella spp. The study found that brucellosis was endemic at a low prevalence among slaughtered cattle in Nigeria, with sex and breed of cattle being significant risk factors. Considering the public health implications of brucellosis, we advocate coordinated surveillance for the disease among diverse cattle populations in Nigeria, as is carried out in most developed countries.
Although tuberculosis (TB) is prevalent in domestic animals and man in Nigeria, prevalence and zoonotic tuberculosis (ZTB) predictors information among livestock workers in Lafia, is scarce. This study determined TB prevalence and ZTB predictors among livestock workers in the town.In a cross-sectional study, sputum samples from 96 participants selected by systematic random sampling (56 abattoir workers and 40 cattle herdsmen and marketers), to whom semi-structured questionnaire was issued, were tested with Ziehl Neelson stain. Data generated were analysed with STATA 12 and OpenEpi at 0.05 critical value (α). From the 96 samples, 13.54% prevalence was recorded. Awareness of ZTB was 60.42% and logistic regression analysis showed good knowledge of ZTB as the predictor (OR=62.89, 95% CI=7.19-549.69, P=0.000). Similarly, ZTB knowledge was 37.50% and the significant predictors were being old (OR=22.09, 95% CI=1.11-13.38, P=0.034); well aware (OR=22.09, 95% CI=2.61-187.27, P=0.005) and good practices (OR=4.78, 95% CI=1.39-16.60) towards ZTB. Thirty-four percent of the respondents engaged in good practices preventing ZTB exposure with the predictors being: an abattoir worker (OR = 3.03, 95% CI=1.04-9.09, P=0.042) and having ZTB good knowledge (OR=4.36, 95% CI=1.33-14.22, P=0.015). Tuberculosis was prevalent among the participants and they need enlightenment on ZTB transmission since they lacked good knowledge, attitudes and practices that prevent it.
Keywords: Knowledge, Practices, Predictors, Prevalence, Tuberculosis
We determined the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Jigawa State, northwestern Nigeria using the comparative intradermal tuberculin test in 22 herds consisting of 922 cattle with overall and individual prevalence of 1.08% (10/922) and 45.45% (10/22) obtained, respectively.
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