We investigate prescription drug use, and information and enrollment intentions for the new Medicare Part D drug insurance program, using a sample of Medicare-eligible subjects surveyed before open enrollment began for this program. We find that, despite the complexity of competing plans offered by private insurers under Part D, a majority of the Medicare population had information on this program and a substantial majority planned to enroll. We find that virtually all elderly, even those with no current prescription drug use, can expect to benefit from enrollment in a Part D Standard plan at the low premiums available in the current market. However, there is a significant risk that many eligible seniors, particularly low-income elderly with poor health or cognitive impairment, will make poor enrollment and plan choices.consumer choice ͉ Medicare Part D ͉ subsidized prescription drug insurance
This paper empirically investigates Korean households' choice of childcare mode using the Korean Childcare Users Survey (2012). A multivariate logit model with partial observability (hereafter, PO-logit model) is employed to address the issue of Korean households' demand for public childcare facilities exceeding capacity limits.Our estimation result rejects the hypothesis of no queueing at conventional significance levels to advocate use of the PO-logit model in explaining Korean households' childcare choices. We decompose choice probabilities of public childcare facilities to estimate the size of queuing. Our results imply that 31.8% of parents preferring public childcare facility are forced to choose other childcare modes due to capacity limit. K E Y W O R D S childcare facility demand, Korea, limited slot offer, multinomial model, partial observability 1 | INTRODUCTION In Korea, the rise in the labor market participation rate of married females requires more childcare facilities to care for children. In response to the increased demand for childcare facilities, the Korean Government has expanded the number of public childcare facilities operated by the state. The government also initiated fiscal programs to expand the availability of private childcare facilities. These initiatives have been successful in rapidly increasing childcare facilities. Between 2002 and 2016, the number of childcare facilities increased from 22,147 to 41,084, and the number of children using childcare facilities jumped from 800,991 to 1,451,215 (Figure 1).One interesting observation is parents' strong preference for public facilities. Public facilities charge lower prices and have desirable characteristics such as higher teacher quality and larger space. Most of all, public facilities are perceived to be a safer place where parents can leave their children without concerns about child abuse. The prevalence of this strong preference for public facilities makes it difficult for parents to find a vacancy in these facilities. This situation makes parents wait for a considerable period until their children are admitted to a public facility.Such excess demand has even triggered political campaigns demanding that more public facilities should be provided, so that parents can access them easily.The objective of this paper is to analyze households' preference for childcare modes and to estimate the excess demand for public childcare facilities in Korea. A challenge in the empirical analysis is that only a fraction of the demand for public facilities is observed when there is queuing for public facilities due to limited availability. In other words, what is observed in the data is the capacity of public facilities instead of the true demand for public facilities in the presence of excess demand. Therefore, the standard choice model will underestimate the demand for public facilities. In order to deal with the partial observability of the demand, we develop a multinomial logit model with partial observability (hereafter, the PO-logit model) by ad...
A Simulation model has been developed in Korea, named Korea Institute of Public Finance Simulation Model (KIPFSIM), which aims to estimate the effects of taxes and transfers in Korea. The current version of KIPFSIM adopts a statice approach combined with a zero-elasticity assumption that there will be no change in labor supply and consumption decisions even after changes in taxes and transfers. KIPFSIM uses a representative sample from the House-hold Income and Expenditure Survey, compiled and released by the Statistical Office of Korea. Using KIPFSIM, we hypothetical changes in taxes and transfers, which is set to be enacted in 2009 and 2010. We found that the benefit of the income tax cut is concentrated mostly on high-income taxpayers in terms of absolute value, but more on middle-income taxpayers in terms of percentage of the tax burden. Therefore, the new income tax law is considered to strengthen the progressive nature of the tax code and to lower tax burdens and tax revenue. We also found that after-income-tax income inequality, as measured by Gini coefficeint, was slightly worsened, primarily due to the decrease in income tax revenue, whice helps equalize income distribution.
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