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Background Aboveground parts and bulbs of Ornithogalum species are consumed as food and used in traditional medicine in worldwide. Objective It is aimed to report the antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds content of Ornithogalum sigmoideum, Ornithogalum orthophyllum and Ornithogalum oligophyllum for the first time. Materials and methods Antioxidant activity of the crude methanol extracts of the aerial parts and the bulbs of the species were determined with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, superoxide radical scavenging, ferrous ion-chelating effect, phosphomolybdenum-reducing antioxidant power and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay. The ethylacetate, diethylether and water subextracts from leaf and flower were analyzed to quantify selected phenolic compounds by HPLC-UV. Results Among the six extracts, the methanol extract of the aerial parts of O. orthophyllum contained the highest amount of phenolic compounds (GAE, 11.0 mg/g extract). The aerial parts of O. orthophyllum showed higher DPPH and SOD activities than the other extracts with the SC50 values of 0.39±0.05 mg/mL and 0.44±0.08 mg/mL, respectively. Protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid and p-coumaric acid were the most abundant compounds at all the subextracts. Conclusion The antioxidant activity is found to be in accordance with the levels of phenolic content in the extracts.

Crataegus türleri gıda olarak ve halk arasında çeşitli hastalıkların tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma Türkiye'den toplanan Crataegus microphylla C. Koch'tan hazırlanan farklı ekstraktların biyolojik özelliklerini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Kurutulmuş yaprak, gövde kabuğu ve taze meyve örnekleri ayrıldı ve etanol ekstresi, asitlendirilmiş (%0.5 HCl, pH: 2.5) etanol ekstresi, etanol:su (1:1) ekstresi, metanol ekstresi, asitlendirilmiş (%0.5 HCI, pH: 2.5) metanol ekstresi, metanol:su (1:1) ekstresi, su ekstresi ve asitlendirilmiş (%0.5 HCI, pH: 2.5) su ekstresi hazırlandı. Ekstrelerin oksidatif DNA hasarının önlenmesi, asetilkolinesteraz, tirozinaz, α-glukozidaz inhibisyonu ve antioksidan aktivitesi 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) radikal süpürme, PRAP ve FRAP gibi çeşitli biyolojik aktiviteleri farklı konsantrasyonlarda araştırılmıştır. Bulgular: Gövde kabuklarından asitlendirilmiş metanol ekstraktı sırasıyla 204.02±0.95 μg/mL ve 37.30±0.27 μg/mL IC 50 değerleri ile diğer esktreler arasında en yüksek asetilkolinesteraz ve tirozinaz inhibisyonu göstermiştir. Yaprakların asitlendirilmiş etanol ekstresi, α-glukosidaz enzimine karşı 15.78±0.14 μg/mL ile en düşük IC 50 değerini göstermiştir. DPPH için asitleştirilmiş etanol ekstraktının IC 50 değeri 9.89±0.09 ug/mL bulunmuştur. 125 μg/mL dozunda yaprakların ve gövde kabuklarının metanol ekstreleri, süpersarmal pBR322 DNA üzerinde hidroksil iyonu (. OH) tarafından DNA sarmalının kesilmesine karşı önemli koruma aktivitesi sergiledi. Sonuç: C. microphylla gövde kabuğu ve yaprak ile hazırlanan asitlendirilmiş metanol veya etanol ekstrelerinin potansiyel antioksidan, hipoglisemik ve nöroprotektif etkileri bulunmaktadır.

Abstract:The aerial parts of Alchemilla L. species (Rosaceae) are used internally as diuretic, laxative, tonic and externally for wound healing in Turkish folk medicine. Antioxidant effects of the extracts, fractions and isolated compounds from the aerial parts of A. barbatiflora Juz. were investigated with following methods: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), and superoxide radical scavenging (SOD), phosphomolibdenum-reducing antioxidant power (PRAP), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. In addition, tyrosinase, α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activities of samples were analyzed. The methanol extract from the aerial parts of plant was consecutively fractionated into four subextracts; n-hexane, chloroform, and remaining water extracts. Further studies were carried out on the most active water subextract and the fractions obtained from water subextract with column chromatography. Phytochemical studies on active fractions of the water subextract led to the isolation of seven metabolites including catechin (1) and a catechin dimer; procyanidin B3 (2), a flavonol glucuronide; quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronic acid (miquelianin) (3) with flavonoid glycosides; quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside (hyperoside) (4), quercetin-3-O-β-D-arabinoside (guaiaverin) (5), kaempferol-3-O-β-Dxylopyranoside (6) and kaempferol-3-O-(6″-coumaroyl-β-D-glycoside) (tiliroside) (7). Their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques (1D and 2D NMR). The experimental data verified that procyanidin B3 displayed remarkable enzyme inhibitory activity among the whole isolated compounds.

The essential oils of the five Scrophularia species; Scrophularia chrysantha Jaub. et Spach, Scrophularia kotschyana Benth., Scrophularia olympica Boiss., Scrophularia cinerascens Boiss. and Scrophularia zuvandica Grossh. were obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) with a range of 0.10% to 0.16% yield and analazsed by GC-FID/MS. In the meantime, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of S. chrysantha, S. kotschyana, S. olympica, S. cinerascens and S. zuvandica were also identified with the technique of SPME GC-FID/MS and the phytochemical results were evaluated. The experimental results of this study showed that the major compounds of essential oils which were taken by the hydrodistillation were carvacrol (52.4%), 2pentadecanone (26.7%), 2-pentadecanone (12.2%), (Z)-2-nonenal (11.2%) and carvacrol (69.1%) respectively. Isovaleraldehyde (37.1%, 27.9%), eucalyptol (13.8%), 2-ethyl furan (14.8%) and 3(Z)-hexenol (91.3%) were respectively found as the main constituents of the five Scrophularia species with SPME method. Also antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of the five Scrophularia species were screened by using agar well diffusion method. It was identified that S. olympica, S.chrysantha, and S. kotschyana, have anti-tuberculosis activity, whereas, the essential oils gained from S. zuvandica and S. cinerascens have anti-fungal activity.

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