To determine the prevalence of antibodies to viral diseases known or suspected to be present in Pakistan, we studied 570 sera from three groups of adults; two of the groups were involved in outbreaks of hepatitis, and the third included men admitted to a hospital for evaluation of febrile illnesses. Immunoglobulin G antileptospiral antibody was found in 1 to 6% of the subjects, with the highest rate in enlisted military personnel hospitalized for febrile illness. One man in the group with febrile illness had significantly elevated immunoglobulin M antileptospiral antibody titers. However, in a group of recruits experiencing suspected non-A, non-B hepatitis, 19 (11%) of 173 had a 4-fold rise in immunoglobulin M antibody to leptospirosis. Antibody to sand fly fever viruses was found in 27 to 70%. Antibody to West Nile virus was present in 33 to 41% of subjects. Antibody reactive with Japanese encephalitis virus was present in 25%, but plaque reduction neutralization tests suggested this to be cross-reaction with West Nile virus. All 212 specimens tested for antibody to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and Hantaan viruses were negative. This study indicates that diseases known to be prevalent in other areas of southwest Asia and the Middle East are also prevalent in northern Pakistan and may impact on those traveling or working in this area.

Background: Time management skills increase satisfaction and balance between work and life. Additionally, managing time effectively reduces anxiety while also making achieving goals easier. Aim: The objectives of the study were to figure out the time management skills of medical students and their relationship with socio-demographic characteristics. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a medical college of Faisalabad.Study duration was 4 months (October 2021 to January 2022). A total of 250 students were enrolled in a study. The inclusion criteria included medical undergraduate students.A total of 50 students were enrolled from each class of MBBS through non-probability convenient sampling technique.A questionnaire titled “Time Management Assessment Questionnaire” containing 25 items developed by Wayne State University was used. A participant who had a score <29 was deemed to have poor time management abilities. A participant had average time management abilities if their overall score ranged from 30 to 44, and they had exceptional time management skills if their overall score ranged from 45 to 50. The IBM SPSS Statistics Version 25 was used for data analysis. Results: Most of the students were found to have inadequate time management skills. Class 2nd and 1st year MBBS students were found to have more inadequate time management skills followed by 4th, 3rd and final year students. Fairly well time management skills were shown by 1/3rd of participants and excellent time management skills were shown by less than 10% of participants. Conclusion: Over half percentage of medical students have poor time management abilities. Based on their socio-demographic characteristics, there are no differences in time management abilities among participants. Reading books and other publications on the subject, as well as attending related workshops and seminars, can help students improve their time management abilities. Keywords: Capabilities, medical, management, students, time, community

Objective: To assess the risk of COVID-19 to healthcare workers (HCWs) in Tertiary care hospitals and its association with demographic factors. Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: Tertiary Care Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from May to Dec 2020. Methodology: Healthcare workers working in a designated COVID-19 Tertiary care hospital were included in the study. A modified "Risk assessment and management of exposure of HCWs in the context of COVID-19 tool" was distributed. HCWs were categorized as "high risk" and "low risk" of COVID-19 infection. Frequency and percentages were computed for demographic variables. Results: A total of 182 healthcare workers were included, and 167(91.7%) returned the study questionnaire. Most of them were nurses (n=65, 40.1%) working in the medical unit (n=99, 61.1%). Low risk HCWs were 73.5%( n=119) and only 26.5%( n=43)were high risk. Gender (p-value: .02) and type of HCWs (p-value: .01) were significantly associated with the risk of COVID-19. Conclusion: One-fourth of HCWs were at high risk of COVID-19 virus infection. Female gender and nurses were more likely to acquire COVID-19 infection.