The effects of the wind velocity fluctuations on the sound backscattering cross section in the stratified moving atmosphere ABSTRACT VOLUME 2In the course of explorations of subsurface geology by the seismograph the authors have frequently observed the pronounced effect of stratification on the velocity of seismic waves in shales, and this effect has often been utilized in practical seismography. Recently an opportunity was afforded for securing additional quantitative data on the velocity normal to and parallel to the bedding planes. The paper points out that the velocity parallel to the planes of stratification is, in some instances, as much as fifty percent higher than the velocity in a direction normal to the bedding planes. It is shown also that inclined stratified beds exhibit a higher apparent point-to-point velocity when sound travels in an up-dip direction than when traveling down-dip. The paper describes a procedure whereby this effect may be utilized for determining the direction and approximate magnitude of the dip in such stratified deposits. The method has proved to be of considerable practical importance where the stratified formations are obscured by overlying deposits. GENERAL OUTLINE
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This paper describes experimental work done to determine the coefficient of corrosion of iron and lead in soil with varying frequencies of alternating or reversed current with 60 cycles per second as the highest frequency and a two-week period as lowestsome d-c. tests being made as a check on the methods. The results show (1), that a decrease of corrosion occurs with an in crease in frequency; (2), that the corrosion is practically negligible below a five-minute period; (3), that there is, a limiting frequency above which practically no corrosion occurs; (4), that certain chemicals affect the natural and electrolytic corrosion of the two •metals quite differently; (5), that the loss of lead in soil on direct current is about 25 per cent of the theoretical loss; and (6), that alternating or reversed current with as long periods as a day or a week would in the case of iron materially reduce the damage to underground structures. The importance of these results grows out of the fact that there are large areas in practically every city in which the polarity of the underground pipes reverses with periods ranging from a few seconds to an hour or more due to the shifting of railway loads. The investigation shows that the corrosion under such conditions is much less than has generally been supposed.
This paper describes experimental work done to determine the co-efficient of corrosion of iron and lead in soil with varying frequencies of alternating or reversed current with 60 cycles per second as the highest frequency and a two-week period as lowestsome d-c. tests being made as a check on the methods. The results show (1), that a decrease of corrosion occurs with an in crease in frequency; (2), that the corrosion is practically negligible below a five-minute period; (3), that there is, a limiting frequency above which practically no corrosion occurs; (4), that certain chemicals affect the natural and electrolytic corrosion of the two •metals quite differently; (5), that the loss of lead in soil on direct current is about 25 per cent of the theoretical loss; and (6), that alternating or reversed current with as long periods as a day or a week would in the case of iron materially reduce the damage to underground structures. The importance of these results grows out of the fact that there are large areas in practically every city in which the polarity of the underground pipes reverses with periods ranging from a few seconds to an hour or more due to the shifting of railway loads. The investigation shows that the corrosion under such conditions is much less than has generally been supposed.
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