Pulkhana anticline is located in Tuzhurmatu area, about 50 km SE of Kirkuk city. The study area forms a part of the Zagros Folded Zone which is situated in the unstable shelf of Iraq within the physiographic zone called Foothill Zone (in the middle of Hemrin- Makhul subzone). The north eastern limb of the anticline reaches to 50ᵒ and the dip of the south western limb reaches to 70ᵒ. The core of the structure comprises the rocks of Fat’ha Formation surrounded by rocks of Injana and Mukdadiya Formations, whereas Bai-Hasan Formation forms the slopes of the low hills surrounding the anticline. These Formations range in age from Middle Miocene to Pliocene. More than 761 readings of joint planes were collected from 20 stations within 5 traverses in the study area. The study of joint sets and system was within Injana and Mukhdadiya formations, along traverses with 3-5 stations for each travers track. The results showed the presence of two sets of tension joints (bc, ac) and five sets of shear joints, through defining the maximum stress axis (σ1) and acute angle dividers for these conjugate joints. It was determined that two directions of Paleostress are present in the area, which are NE-SW and NW-SE. The direction of the first major stress (NE-SW) is orthogonal with, or normal to, the fold axis in the study area, which can be considered as a horizontal component which resulted from oblique collision of Arabian and Eurasian Plates. This old compressive stress is the reason behind the formation of the tension joint (ac) and shear joints, where the sets (ac) and system are perpendicular-semi perpendicular to the bedding plane, as they were formed at an early stage of folding. Also, the ) joint was formed in five tectonic stages with different time intervals. Joints formed in different tectonic stages, in the study area, are attributed to oblique collision of Arabian and Eurasian plates and counter clockwise rotation of Arabian plate relative to Eruasian plate.
This paper is intended to study the effect of using incline intermediate sheet pile and finding the effect of change for its angle, besides the upstream and downstream piles rest in homogeneous soil layer on the seepage, uplift pressure exit gradient at toe of hydraulic structure using computer program SEEP/W software. From the software test carried out many cases, in beginning, finding the best distance between the three sheet piles then finding the best depth of three sheet piles finally using the angle for incline intermediate sheet pile (θ =30,45,60,90,120,135,150) degree in three cases for first and last sheet piles when the angle of them (θ =30,60,90)degree. Also for each run the quantity of uplift pressure, exit gradient and discharge at toe of hydraulic structure were determined to develop an empirical equations. Depended on the software program tests were carried out with three different value of each following parameter: upstream sheet pile depth, downstream sheet pile depth, intermediate sheet pile depth, upstream sheet pile angle, downstream sheet pile angle and four different value of distance between the sheet piles, then it carried out with seven different value of intermediate sheet pile angle, all of them with using constant upstream head and permeability for soil layer.
The research included the study of some Geotechnical properties of selected Locations from the Sikanian region, which is Miocene -Pliocene and quaternary deposits. The study area located in the northeastern part of kirkuk governorate. The samples were collected from four sites. Moisture content, dry density, porosity, sciemic wave velocity, and uniaxial compressive strength tests were conducted of the rock samples in the laboratory. The results of petrophysical tests showed that the Dry Density ranged between (1.38-2.58) gm.cm -3 and Porosity between (13.22-24.5)%. The uniaxail compresive strength results ranged between (6.71-52.45) Mpa The seismic velocity of the sandstone was higher than the seismic velocity of the claystone and showed a good positive correlation between Dynamic and Mechanic properties, This relation can be used to find and extract Uniaxial compressive strength values for sandstone and claystone of Sikanian region in the case of absence of standard sample.
Geotechnical study conducted upon 10 rock samples have been taken from outcroup of Mukdadiya Formation (Lower Bakhtiari) which are located in Kirkuk anticline. Seismic wave velocities (shear and compressional), the dynamic modulus of rigidity, young, bulk and poisson's ratio, density, point load index test and uniaxial compressive strength test were measured of the rock samples in the laboratory. The dynamic properties values were correlated with geotechnical properties inculding uniaxial compressive strength, point load index and dry density. The rock samples have low to medium seismic velocites and very weak to weak mechanical strength. The mathematical relations showed a good correlation coefficient between the dynamic and geotechnical properties of the rock samples, that confident relations could use to estimate the geotechnical properies in the field by measuring sciesmic wave velocities in any future engineering projects.
There are a few studies on the engineering properties of the Pila Spi Formations in scattered areas of Northern Iraq, but there is no study on predicting the performance of Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM), which is of great importance in future large engineering projects in Iraq. The study area is located on the Takya about 50 km south the center of Sulaimania City. Field and laboratory studies were conducted on five (5) selected sites situated in the southwestern flank of the Qara Dagh anticline. The axis of the anticline extends from NW-SE of Iraq with a length of roughly 116 km. The engineering and field results of the samples collected from different locations indicate that the compressive strength of the rocks having a fine texture and slightly weathered characteristics ranges between strong to very strong with high dry density and low moisture content. In addition, the average Schmidt hammer rebound and weight losses percentages of Lose Angeles values are 48 and 22%, respectively the sizes of the blocks range from large to very large, the spacing of the discontinuities is medium to wide. The performance of TBM in terms rate of advance is generally determined based on these geological rock materials and masses. To estimate the rate advance of boring machine (TBM) in this study, the method depends on the total hardness. After applying the total hardness method, it was estimated that the predicted rate of advancement of the TBM would be very slow (approximately 1.57 -1.86 m/hr) due to the strong hardness of the rocks of Pila Spi Formation.
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