The paper determines the essence and the functionality of the ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC) by looking at a wide range of regional studies, evaluating theoretical approaches in international relations, and examining case studies related on regional security in the Southeast Asia, since the establishment of the APSC in 2015. Essential complex challenges faced include the rise of China, unresolved territorial conflicts and maritime disputes, rigid application of non-interference principles in the internal affairs of the local states, and the failure of ASEAN in protecting human rights regionwide. Based on the study cases that were analysed in this paper, the paper concludes that: (1) the essence of multilateralism is challenged by the complicated nature of interstate relationships and interactions of individual ASEAN member states; (2) development of security cooperation cannot be measured due to complexity of geopolitical and geoeconomic interests; and (3) boundaries in the ASEAN framework have very weak foundations. The developments taking place in the region have hampered ASEAN's ability to optimally perform its core purpose of establishing a stable political environment in the region.
This study aims to determine the effect of walnut extract (Canarium indica) on the total cholesterol levels of hyperglycemic Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus L). Experimental research with pre-post-test control design. The samples in this study were 28 rats induced by alloxan to become hyperglycemic. The test animals were divided into four groups, each consisting of seven: negative control (Na CMC 1%), positive control (metformin 150 mg / Kg BW), walnut extract group 300 mg / Kg BW (0.06g / 200gr BW), and extract 600 mg / Kg BW (0.12 / 200g BW). The intervention was given walnut extract for 21 days. Total cholesterol levels were measured by the Easytouch Multi-Monitoring System. This study used SPSS with paired t-test and ANOVA test. The results showed a significant reduction in cholesterol levels in all groups after treatment (p <0.05). There was a significant difference in the reduction of total cholesterol levels between groups with a value of p = 0.037. The results of the posthoc test showed a difference in the reduction in total cholesterol levels between the 300 extract group, 1% Na CMC, and metformin and the 600 extract group with 1% Na CMC p-value <0.05, there was no difference between the 600 extract group and the metformin group. p> 0.05. Walnut extract was effective in reducing alloxan-induced fasting blood sugar levels of mice. Total cholesterol levels in hyperglycemic rats experienced a significant decrease after 21 days of intervention with walnut extract 300 and 600 mg/kg BW, but only walnut extract at a dose of 600 mg/kg BW had the same effectiveness as metformin.
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