Purpose Waqf played a powerful Islamic social finance instrument throughout Islamic history. However, the popularity of waqf declined in recent years. It is essential to understand the past research, the research gaps and the waqf’s ignorant research areas within the existing literature to enhance the waqf system. Therefore, this study aims to carry a detailed analysis of waqf research development with a careful evaluation of the scientific panorama’s different aspects inherent in Islamic business and social finance. Design/methodology/approach Scientometrics is a discipline that studies the quantitative characteristics and characteristics of science and technological research, technology and innovation. This research’s string includes waqf as a reference in the “Article title, Abstract and Keywords” based on Scopus from 1990 to 2020. The analysis was conducted in December 2020. The Bibliometrix R Package, VOSviewer and Excel’s software are used to analyse the collected data and apply the bibliometric analysis. Findings The findings derive that waqf research can be categorized into three sub-areas, such as the research on waqf fundamentals, analysis on cash waqf and research on various waqf applications in Islamic social finance. Even though there is some essential or fundamental research in waqf, these are not good enough for such a powerful Islamic social finance instrument. This study finds research gaps in the existing waqf literature and presents nine future research directions. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to examine waqf’s existing literature with bibliometric analysis. The results and the recommended possible research areas can help scholars and researchers to carry future research to enhance the scientific development of Islamic social finance and provide alternative instruments to eradicate poverty in societies.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the sub-components of intellectual capital and organisational performance in waqf institutions in Algeria. Design/methodology/approach Data was collected through structured questionnaires from a sample of 193 waqf employees working in 23 different provinces in Algeria and analysed using partial least squares – structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) software to test the path modelling and the relationship between the instruments. Findings The results of this research show that human capital, structural capital and spiritual capital have a positive and significant relationship with organisational performance. However, relational capital, social capital and technological capital did not demonstrate any kind of role in the context of waqf institutions in Algeria. Practical implications The findings of this research are of great importance for waqf institutions in Algeria, as they provide a comprehensive screening with regard to organisational performance of these institutions through the lens of intellectual capital. The findings help waqf managers and policy makers consider effective solutions for the weaknesses and challenges impeding the performance of waqf institutions, in the hope of retrieving their role in serving and developing societies. Originality/value In the existing body of literature, there is a lack of research focusing on intellectual capital in the context of religious non-profit organisations particularly waqf institutions. Thus, this research adds to the body of knowledge on intellectual capital while highlighting its role and importance within the waqf industry, particularly in the context of Algeria. This research is considered among the primary attempts to investigate the impact of intellectual capital components on the organisational performance of waqf institutions in Algeria.

Purpose This study aims to propose a practical, virtue-centric model of leadership based on Islamic principles. The structure of the Islamic leadership construct is validated through confirmatory factor analysis. Its relationship with performance and organizational commitment is examined and the mediating role of organizational commitment is assessed. Design/methodology/approach Islamic leadership model is tested using confirmatory factor analysis with data collected from employees working in the services sector in Turkey. Relationships between Islamic leadership, organizational commitment and performance are examined through a path analysis. Findings The factor analysis results presented a good fit for the proposed Islamic leadership model, which consists of wisdom, religiosity, justice and kindness dimensions. Regarding path analysis, findings indicated a positive relationship between Islamic leadership and job performance. Moreover, organizational commitment partially mediated the relationship between Islamic leadership and job performance. Originality/value Previous studies on Islamic leadership contain a very little number of empirical models. This study proposes a valuable empirical model of Islamic leadership consisting of moral values, spirituality, ethics and wisdom. In addition, the proposed model is supported with empirical pieces of evidence. Evidence of the partial mediating role of organizational commitment between Islamic leadership and job performance is also revealed by the study.

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The ethical dilemma begins due to greed, jealousy, and discontentment, and these have solutions in life. This chapter aims to analyze and apply the understanding of dichotomy of contrast in ethics, morality, justice, and behavior. Since ethics matters a lot in discharging corporate social responsibility in business and trade, the chapter will also examine the application of these ethics, morality, and behaviour from an Islamic perspective. The authors derive that “one must strengthen contentment, remembrance of death, the firm belief in Allah's mercy, generosity” while refraining from common contemporary business problems such as window dressing of financial results, fraud, deception, bribery to get contracts, and among others.