Innovations in the biofiltration process can provide effective solutions to overcome crucial water pollution problems. The elimination of pollutants is a result of the combined effects of biological oxidation, adsorption and filtration processes. This research aims to evaluate the performance of quartz sand biofiltration for removing total suspended solids, turbidity, color, organic matter, and ammonium from polluted river water and develop an empirical model for designing quartz sand biofilters for the treatment of polluted river water. Experiments were conducted using two biofilter units filled with quartz sand as filter media. A set of experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of hydraulic retention time on biofilter performance in removing water contaminants. The kinetics of organic matter removal were also determined to describe the performance of the biofilter. The results show that biofiltration can significantly remove river water pollutants. Removal efficiency depends on the applied hydraulic retention time. At a hydraulic retention time of two hours, removal efficiencies of total organics, ammonium and total suspended solids were up to 78%, 82%, and 91%, respectively. A model for designing quartz sand biofiltration has been developed from the experimental data.

Ciwidey is one of the fresh milk production areas with many tourist attractions has the potential to be developed, especially in the sale of processed milk products. The four processed whole milk products produced in Ciwidey are fresh milk, candy, yogurt, and greek. The purpose of this study is to determine the added value and the level of profit generated from the fresh milk processing business and to determine the superior processed products that are a priority to be developed in Ciwidey. The method used in this research is value added analysis using the Hayami method. The components of the calculation of the Hayami method are output, input, price, and income which give the results of conversion factors, labor coefficients, product values, value added ratios, labor benefits, other input contributions, and profit levels and margins. The results of the analysis show that there is added value from the production process of fresh milk, caramel milk candy, yogurt, and Greek, respectively, amounting to IDR 1.396/kg; IDR 21,141/kg; IDR 18,398/kg; and IDR. 69,947/kg. The biggest profit rate for fresh milk products is 98%. Yogurt and Greek products have the same profit rate of 89-90%. The lowest profit rate for candy products is 75%. The selected pure milk product is greek because the highest value of the added value, added value ratio, direct labor income, and the profit compared to the other 3 pure milk products.

Milk industry in Indonesia grows every year due to the population growth, income increases, and the awareness on milk consuming benefit. Milk production in Indonesia comes from small and medium animal farmers, requiring cooperation to improve the quality of dairy products in Indonesia. Member of Cooperation Mitra Jaya Mandiri (MJM) is small local animal farmers which their activities are still done manually. Activities of MJM Cooperation, animal farmers, and milk transportation have an impact on the environment. The objective of this research was to identify inputs, outputs, and environmental impacts in the production of fresh milk (case study of MJM Cooperation). The methods used were life cycle assessment (LCA) with three impact categories, i.e. global warming (GWP), eutrophication potential (EP), and acidification potential (AP). The boundary of LCA study was cradle to gate, which includes feed production, dairy farming activities, transportation of milk to MJM, cooling of milk in MJM Cooperation and transportation of milk to factory. Based on LCA results, the environmental impact of GWP, EP, and AP 1 were kg of Coperation MJM fresh milk equals to 3.16 kg CO2 eq, 0.0119 kg PO4 3-, and 0.00639 kg SO2 eq, respectively. The highest environmental impact in these three categories came from dairy farming unit. Processing cow feces, or choosing feed additive that more environmentally friendly can reduce the environmental impact.