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Tropical mountains harbor exceptional concentrations of Earth’s biodiversity. In topographically complex landscapes, montane species typically inhabit multiple mountainous regions, but are absent in intervening lowland environments. Here we report a comparative analysis of genome-wide DNA polymorphism data for population pairs from eighteen Indo-Pacific bird species from the Moluccan islands of Buru and Seram and from across the island of New Guinea. We test how barrier strength and relative elevational distribution predict population differentiation, rates of historical gene flow, and changes in effective population sizes through time. We find population differentiation to be consistently and positively correlated with barrier strength and a species’ altitudinal floor. Additionally, we find that Pleistocene climate oscillations have had a dramatic influence on the demographics of all species but were most pronounced in regions of smaller geographic area. Surprisingly, even the most divergent taxon pairs at the highest elevations experience gene flow across barriers, implying that dispersal between montane regions is important for the formation of montane assemblages.

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Animal pollination is an important and highly valued ecosystem function and the role of birds as pollinators is increasingly acknowledged. However, such interactions can be challenging to document and often require extensive field programs. Over the last decade, environmental DNA (eDNA) has been analyzed from several different contemporary sample types, such as water, soil, flowers, and air. The applications of these studies include biodiversity monitoring, detection of endangered species, community compositions, and more recently, flower–arthropod interactions. However, it remains unknown whether flower eDNA is applicable to other taxonomic groups interacting with plants, as well as the deposition and degradation of eDNA on flowers. Here, we test whether eDNA from flowers can be used for detecting bird pollinators. In a controlled environment (an aviary with great tits [Parus major]), we show that birds leave significant traces of DNA on the flowers without observed visits (airborne eDNA). We further show that when birds had been in contact with the flowers, DNA concentrations increased to levels significantly higher than airborne background DNA. Subsequently, we sampled five clusters of wild flowers in Papua New Guinea and detected four species of birds, two of which are nectar‐feeders, and one that is an insectivorous species known to visit flowers. These four bird species were regularly seen in the area and caught in mist‐nets in the days prior to sampling of the flowers. In total, 29 bird species were recorded (18 mist‐netted) in the area and of these, eight are nectarivorous. Our quantitative approach suggests that it is possible to distinguish airborne background bird DNA deposited on flowers from actual flower visits of birds in the wild, although this might be highly context‐specific. Our findings are of broad interest within research on ecosystem functioning, biotic interactions, and plant–animal mutualism.

We describe a new species of New Guinea Worm-Eating Snake (Elapidae: Toxicocalamus) from a specimen in the reptile collection of the Papua New Guinea National Museum and Art Gallery. Toxicocalamus longhagensp. nov. can be easily distinguished from other species of this genus by the presence of paired subcaudals, a preocular scale unfused from the prefrontal scale, a prefrontal distinct from the internasal scale that contacts the supralabials, a single large posterior temporal and two postocular scales. The new taxon is currently known only from one specimen, which was collected from Mt. Hagen Town in Western Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea in 1967. The new species was originally identified as T. loriae, but the unique head scalation and postfrontal bone morphology revealed through micro-computed tomography scanning easily distinguish the new species from T. loriaesensu stricto. This is the first species of this genus described from Western Highlands Province.

Toxicity has evolved multiple times across the tree of life and serves important functions related to hunting, defence and parasite deterrence. Toxins are produced either in situ by the toxic organism itself or associated symbionts, or acquired through diet. The ability to exploit toxins from external sources requires adaptations that prevent toxic effects on the consumer (autoresistance). Here, we examine genomic adaptations that could facilitate autoresistance to the diet‐acquired potent neurotoxic alkaloid batrachotoxin (BTX) in New Guinean toxic birds. Our work documents two new toxic bird species and shows that toxic birds carry multiple mutations in the SCN4A gene that are under positive selection. This gene encodes the most common vertebrate muscle Nav channel (Nav1.4). Molecular docking results indicate that some of the mutations that are present in the pore‐forming segment of the Nav channel, where BTX binds, could reduce its binding affinity. These mutations should therefore prevent the continuous opening of the sodium channels that BTX binding elicits, thereby preventing muscle paralysis and ultimately death. Although these mutations are different from those present in Neotropical Phyllobates poison dart frogs, they occur in the same segments of the Nav1.4 channel. Consequently, in addition to uncovering a greater diversity of toxic bird species than previously known, our work provides an intriguing example of molecular‐level convergent adaptations allowing frogs and birds to ingest and use the same neurotoxin. This suggests that genetically modified Nav1.4 channels represent a key adaptation to BTX tolerance and exploitation across vertebrates.

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