Myra, which constitutes the Demre district center of Antalya province, is an ancient coastal city located in the middle of the Lycian region, starting from Phaselis in the east and extending to the Gulf of Fethiye in the west. Myra developed during the Byzantine period and became the religious and administrative center of the Lycian region in the 5 th century. In terms of its location, the city was a stopover and supply point for sea transportation in the Mediterranean, as well as had an important religious place with its churches containing the relics of the holy saints. Lycia was one of the areas in the Eastern Mediterranean where a lot of invasion and piracy activities took place. The geographical location of the Lycian region has made the region an open target for pirates and foreign powers throughout history. Between the end of the 5 th century BC and the first half of the 4 th century BC was a particularly difficult period in which the Lycian city-states struggled both among themselves and with invading foreign powers. After the conversion of Lycia to the Roman province in 43 AD by Emperor Claudius, the invasion and piracy gradually decreased. The peaceful environment of the region was disturbed by the attacks of the Sassanids at the beginning of the 7 th century followed by Arab attacks that lasted for nearly 300 years. It is seen that the coastal cities in particular were affected by these attacks. As a matter of fact, during periods of severe attacks, the retreat of people to safer rural areas of mountains were supported by architectural remnants. The people living in the countryside have built defensive structures on the slopes and important valleys along the coast against the dangers that could arise from the sea. In the Classical and Hellenistic periods, when the attacks were intense, sheltered multi-storey buildings with the appearance of towers became the living place of people engaged in agriculture. Tower farmhouses continued to be used for rural area security during the Roman and Byzantine periods. In addition, during the Sassanid and Arab invasions at the 7 th -9 th centuries, many small castles were built for rural security. A series of small castles of Byzantine period were identified during the surveys in the rural area on north of the city of Myra. Byzantine castles are located in the upper part of the Myros valley, stretching from the city of Myra to the Kasaba Plain. The castles, which are connected with each other, overlook the Myra and Kasaba plains and the Myros valley. Certainly, these castles were built to protect both the people living in the mountainous area and the ancient Roman road in the valley. One of these castles is located in the Ayiveliler, which is the subject of this article. In the article, it is aimed to introduce the architectural features of the castle, to evaluate its place and importance in the security of the rural area together with other defensive structures.
Georgians lived in Northeastern Anatolian and south of the Caucasian Mountains during the Middle Ages and had centuries-long relations with the neighboring Byzantines. Christianity was a common denominator, with both cultures adopting it as their official state religion in the 4th century AD. They also faced common threats to their security, and while the quality of their relations varied over time, their rulers intermarried and strong ties emerged. Yet even from the earliest encounters, it is seen that the Georgians created unique artforms in line with their economic and geographical conditions, personal needs, tastes, and opportunities. This chapter highlights the unique architectural characteristics of Georgian sacred art and cultural heritage from examples located in and around the boundaries of the Georgian Republic and Northeastern Turkey. These trace the emergence and continued use of distinctive features in plan types, interior and exterior arrangements, materials, craftsmanship, mural decorations, and sculpture.
Özet Orta Likya'nın dağlık kesiminde yer alan küçük yerleşimlerde 2014 yılından bu yana Erken Bizans yerleşimlerine ilişkin yürütülen yüzey araştırmasında, bölgedeki dini ve sivil mimari örneklerinin belgelendirilmesi, binaların işlev ve tarihlendirme sorunlarının tartışılması, yerleşimler arası antik yol ağının tespit edilmesi ve bölgedeki tarımsal üretimin sanat ortamına katkısının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda Antalya'nın Demre İlçesi, Beymelek beldesinin dağlık kesiminde yer alan Günağı Kilisesi bu makalenin konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Hakkında ayrıntılı bir çalışma bulunmayan kilisenin 2014 yılı yüzey araştırmamız kapsamında ilk kez planı çizilmiş, konumu harita üzerine işlenerek kilise içinde ve çevresindeki buluntular fotoğraf ve çizimler eşliğinde ayrıntılı belgelendirilmiştir. Bu makalede kilisenin mimarisi ve bezemeleri ile ilgili ilk bulgularımızın paylaşılması ve kilisenin bölge mimarisi içindeki yerinin ve öneminin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Kilise Likya bölgesinde çok yaygın olan "üç nefli bazilikal plan" şemasında inşa edilmiştir. İki köy (kome) arasına inşa edilen kilise, manastır olmaktan ziyade bir köy kilisesi özellikleri göstermektedir. Kilisenin batısında narteks ve atrium ile güneydoğu köşesinde yapıya bitişik, olasılıkla bir mezar şapeline ait kalıntılar bulunur. Kilisenin bölgeye özgü birçok özelliğinin olmasının yanı sıra neflerinin arasının taş levhalarla kapatılmış olması, kuzey ve güney neflerinin doğuda birer apsisle sonlanması gibi bazı özellikleri bölgedeki kiliselerde az rastlanan uygulamalardır. Kilisenin en dikkat çekici özelliği bezemelerinin kalitesi ve çeşitliliğidir. Kilise içinde ve çevresinde çok sayıda bezemeli mimari ve liturjik taş eser belgelendirilmiştir. Mimari taş eserler, sütun kaidesi, sütun, sütun başlığı, yastık/duvar payesi başlığı, söve, lento ve çörten; liturjik taş eserler ise baluster, levha ve templon levha üstü başlık işlevinde kullanılmış olan parçalardır. Kilisenin mimari özellikleri ve kilise içindeki taş eserler, motif, teknik ve düzenleme bakımından incelendiğinde, kilisenin 5. yüzyıl içine inşa edildiği ve 11.-12. yüzyıllardaki bir onarım sırasında kuzey apsiste bazı mimari düzenlemelerin yapıldığı ve kuzey apsis içindeki duvar resimlerinin eklendiği anlaşılmaktadır.
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