Ultra-dense networks (UDNs) have been employed to solve the pressing problems in relation to the increasing demand for higher coverage and capacity of the fifth generation (5G) wireless networks. The deployment of UDNs in a very large scale has been envisioned to break the fundamental deadlocks of beyond 5G or the sixth generation (6G) networks and deliver many more orders of magnitude gains that today's technologies achieve. However, the mathematical tool to optimize the system performance under the stringent radio resource constraints is widely recognized to be a formidable challenge. System-level performance optimization of current UDNs are usually conducted by relying on numerical simulations, which are often time-consuming and have become extremely difficult in the context of 6G with extremely high density. As such, there is an urgent need for developing a realistic mathematical model for optimizing the 6G UDNs. In this paper, we introduce challenges as well as issues that have to be thoroughly considered while deploying UDNs in realistic environment. We revisit efficient mathematical techniques including game theory and real-time optimization in the context of optimizing UDNs performance. In addition, emerging technologies which are suitable to apply in UDNs are also discussed. Some of them have already been used in UDNs with high efficiency while the others which are still under investigation are expected to boost the performance of UDNs to achieve the requirements of 6G. Importantly, for the first time, we introduce the joint optimal approach between realtime optimization and game theory (ROG) which is an effective tool to solve the optimization problems of large-scale UDNs with low complexity. Then, we describe two approaches for using ROG in UDNs. Finally, some case study of ROG are given to illustrate how to apply ROG for solving the problems of different applications in UDNs.
This study was an attempt to investigate the effect of peer-review checklists on Vietnamese EFL students’ writing performance and students’ feedback on the application of the peer-review checklist. The quasi-experimental study was conducted with fifty-eight non-English major students at a university in the Mekong Delta. The participants were divided into an experimental group and a control group. A mixed-methods intervention design was applied, in which data were collected from a pre-test, a post-test and a focus-group interview. The results of the triangulation analysis, which compared datasets from the instruments, revealed that EFL students utilizing a peer-review checklist performed better than did their peers in the control group. More specifically, students in the experimental group had significant progress in terms of task fulfilment and utilizing vocabulary. The results also indicated that most students’ feedback on the use of the checklist was positively noticed. Although the findings of the study are limited because of the small sample, use of peer review checklists in writing classes is recommended for EFL students in tertiary contexts with some suggested cautions.
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