Haemonchus contortus is a highly pathogenic and economically important parasitic nematode that affects small ruminants worldwide. While omics studies hold great promise, there are fewer research tools available for analyzing subsequent gene function studies. RNA interference (RNAi) technology offers a solution to this problem, as it especially allows for the knockout or shutting off of the expression of specific genes. As a result, RNAi technology has been widely used to explore gene function and disease treatment research. In this study, we reviewed the latest advancements in RNAi research on Haemonchus contortus in China, with the aim of providing a reference for the identification of key genes involved in growth and development, anthelmintic resistance, diagnostic markers, and diagnostic drug targets for the treatment of Haemonchus contortus.

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs), such as Trichostrongylidae, are important pathogens in small ruminants, causing significant losses in these livestock species. Despite their veterinary importance, GINs have not been studied in certain regions of the world. Therefore, much of their epidemiology and economic impact on production remain unknown. In the present study, a systematic epidemiological survey based on the modified McMaster technique was conducted to investigate the type and infection of GINs in sheep and cattle. In 9622 fecal samples from 491 sampling sites in the four main banner districts of Ordos, the prevalence of GIN infection was found to be 38.84% and 4.48% in sheep and cattle, respectively. At the same time, the effects of four pasture types on the distribution of GINs were analyzed. This study also found severe resistance to ivermectin and albendazole in GINs and suspected anthelmintic resistance in nitroxynil, levamisole and closantel. We report the type and infection of GINs in Ordos, with the aim to help the prevention and control of GINs. Based on the results of the questionnaire survey and GIN resistance test, we found several reasons for the anthelmintic resistance of GINs, consequently providing new ideas for controlling the occurrence of anthelmintic resistance.

Background: Regular whole-flock treatments and long-term use of similar anthelmintics have led to the development of anthelmintic resistance and widespread epidemics of nematodiasis in sheep. This study was performed to understand the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in Ordos Merino sheep and evaluate the efficacy of currently used anthelmintics. Results: Between March 2017 and April 2019, a total of 4014 fresh fecal samples were collected from sheep, and fecal nematode eggs were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed to understand the prevalence of sheep nematodiasis. The anthelmintic efficacy of currently used drugs was evaluated in naturally infected sheep. Severe infection by gastrointestinal nematodes was observed in the Ordos Merino sheep. The infection rates of the nematodes in 3 consecutive years were 84.3%, 36.9%, and 42.3%. Haemonchus contortus and Nematodirus sp. were the predominant nematode species, with infection rates of 84.3% and 65.6%, respectively, in 2017. Moreover, these species had acquired high resistance to ivermectin, doramectin, albendazole, and levamisole; the fecal egg count reduction percentages were 6.9%, 1.7%, 3.5%, and 79.0%, respectively, after a single administration. Nitroxynil and closantel showed strong anthelmintic efficacy against the predominant species Haemonchus contortus and other nematodes, but they had almost no effect on Nematodirus sp. Conclusions: The prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in Ordos Merino sheep and their resistance to commonly used anthelmintics were comprehensively evaluated, and the drugs with high efficacy against the predominant species were identified. The findings of this study will provide a good foundation for the appropriate use of anthelmintics.

Abstract Background: Regular whole-flock treatments and long-term repeated use of similar anthelmintics has led to the development of anthelmintic resistance and widespread epidemic of sheep nematodiasis. The current work was carried out to understand the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in Ordos merino sheep and to evaluate the efficacy of currently used anthelmintics. Results: A total of 4014 fresh fecal samples were collected from sheep from March 2017 to April 2019 and fecal nematode eggs were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for understanding the prevalence of sheep nematodiasis. The anthelmintic efficacy of currently used drugs was evaluated in naturally infected sheep. The gastrointestinal nematode infection was serious in Ordos merino sheep. The infection rates of nematodes in three consecutive years were 84.3%, 36.9%, and 42.3%, respectively. The Hemonchus contortus and Nematodirus sp. were the dominantly infected species with the infection rates of 84.3% and 65.6% in 2017. Moreover, these species were acquired highly resistance to the Ivermectin, Doramectin, Albendazole and Levamisole. The percentages of FERC were 6.9%, 1.7%, 3.5% and 79.0%, respectively, following single administration. However, Nitroxynil and Closantel showed a strong anthelmintic efficacy on popular dominant species Haemonchus contortus and some other nematodes, while almost no effect on Nematodirus sp. Conclusions: The prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in Ordos merino sheep and their resistance to commonly used anthelmintics were comprehensively understood, and the high efficacy drugs on predominant species were screened out. The results will pay a good foundation for developing of reasonable drug use.