Tuberculosis (TB), a serious public health infection that mainly affects the lungs, is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, TB). This research is designed and analyzed using a compartmental modelling approach to study the transmission dynamics of TB with different stages of infection. Qualitative analysis of the proposed model reveals that the model exhibits two equilibrium points: the disease-free equilibrium point (DFE) and the endemic equilibrium (EE). The basic reproduction number (R 0 ) is determined using the next-generation matrix technique, and stability analysis is carried out to show whether the disease can persist or die out in population. Further analysis of the model shows that the EE is globally asymptotically stable (GAS) when R 0 > 1. With the aid of the forward sensitivity index method, we determine the most sensitive parameters of the model to control the spread of TB infection effectively. Our analysis shows that treatment (medication) and campaign awareness coupled with other key control measures, could help maintain the spread of MTB infection in human geographical boundaries.
The motive of the research is production of bioethanol from deffated seeds cake of Rothmannia longiflora and analysis of its physical/chemical properties. The fermentation process was optimized for maximum ethanol yield considering four parameters; temperature, pH and yeast concentration. The statistical analysis revealed that pH and temperature are the most influential parameters affecting the ethanol yield. The maximum ethanol yield of 11.14 g/cm3 was observed at the following optimum conditions; pH of 6, temperature of 30oC and yeast concentration of 2 %. The produced ethanol was subjected to fuel properties analysis. The structural investigation of the derived bioethanol was conducted using FT-IR analysis and it confirmed the characteristics bands of ethanol at 3369.52 cm-1, 2918.5 and 2844.0 cm-1. Some fuel properties were found to be consistent with ASTM standard and to those of conventional ethanol. The study revealed the viability of Rothmannia longiflora seeds cake as promising feedstock for bioethanol production.
The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of compost obtained from ten (10) municipal solid waste dumps in the Sokoto metropolitan area, Nigeria. The Compost was characterized to understand its fertilizing and polluting potential to soil. The fertilization index (FI) was determined empirically from the values of TOC, TN, TP, TK and C:N ratio and the cleaning index (CI) using heavy metal concentrations. The results were compared with quality control metrics. The FI values for the composts ranged from 4.00 to 4.70, while the CI values ranged from 2.60 to 4.00, respectively. Most of the MSW composts analyzed showed good fertilizing potential and were of good quality for use as soil fertilizers.
Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel consisting of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel derived from animal fats or vegetable oil through transesterification with methanol. Base catalyzed transesterification is the most commonly used technique as it is the most economical process. Presently, a lot of heterogeneous catalysts have been formulated that are more effective than the homogeneous catalysts. CaO/Al2O3 was synthesized using incipient wetness impregnation method. The biodiesel was developed and optimized using Box-behnken response surface methodology (RSM) design provided using MINITAP-17 statistical software. The four independent variables considered are: reaction time, methanol to oil ratio, reaction temperature and catalyst concentration. The response chosen was fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yields which were obtained from the reaction. The result from analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a satisfactory result. Moreover, the input variables showed greater significance on the response which are reaction time and temperature base on F and P-value. The statistical models developed for predicting biodiesel yield revealed a significant agreement between the experimental and predicted values (R = 0.9686). An optimum methyl ester yield of 93.29 % was achieved with optimal conditions of methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, temperature of 600C, reaction time of 120 min and catalyst concentration of 1.0 wt%. The properties of the biodiesel produced also falls within the range prescribed by ASTM standard
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