Lead is considered as one of water pollutant that is toxic, corrosive, and irritant. One method that can be applied for reducing Pb(II) in the environment is by using microorganisms. In this work, the study of biosorption of lead in the water samples was conducted using Trichoderma viride. The research was focused on the determination of optimum conditions of biosorption including initial pH, biosorption time, and initial concentration of lead. Profiles of functional groups contained in the T. viride have been monitored using FT-IR spectrophotometry. Results showed that the maximum biosorption of Pb(II) was achieved at initial pH 4.5, with equilibrium of contact time at 20 h, and optimum concentration of 50 mg/L, and adsorption capacity of 85 mg/1x10 6 T. viride colonies. The FTIR results indicated that biosorption process affected the functional groups in the T. viride. These have shown in the absorption bands at ~3200 cm -1 , ~2850 cm -1 , ~2260 cm -1 , ~1650 cm -1 , ~1450 cm -1 , 1180 cm -1 , and in the finger printing regions. The biosorption mechanism was proposed through the adsorption process between positively charged metal ions and the negative charge on the functional groups, such as COO , OPO 3 2, and -NH 2 , on the cell surface.
Green Campus is a campus environment that is designed to increase energy efficiency, preserve resource and improve the quality of the environment. One of the important elements to support the green campus program is the existence of drinking water supply system.Universitas Gadjah Mada Drinking Water Supply System (UGM-DWSS) is a drinking water or potable water supply service to supply drinking water for the campus. This research aims at analyzing UGM-DWSS potential and its performance to support Green Campus. This research was based on primary data collection in UGM campus. Data collection techniques consist of observation of UGM-DWSS facilities, interview with UGM-DWSS water managers and users, and questionnaires distribution to UGM academic community. The daily water production of UGM-DWSS was 10 l/s drinking water. Every day the water discharge distributed from UGM-DWSS to 49 water fountains and 12 water dispensers was1.71 l/s, while the estimated daily water consumption rate was0.07l/s. It is assumed that those who did not consume water from UGM-DWSS facilities bought plastic drinking water bottle. Every day, it is estimated that the number of generated plastic drinking water bottle waste was 19,168 bottles with capacity 600 ml/bottle. Indeed, by comparing to the total water production capacity being produced daily, the idle capacity was 99.3 %.The tendency of negative response from the majority of UGM inhabitants for using UGM –DWSS was due to hesitation about water quality, continuity of water supply, and ease of access to the nearby water fountains and water dispensers. Improvement of UGM-DWSS facilities that are supported by massive socialization programs including innovation to utilize produced drinking water is recommended to optimize the role of UGM-DWSS to create Green Campus.
The need for drinking water with affordable access is increasing nowadays. The poor water quality problems can be solved by several water treatment methods, i.e. ceramic filter (CF) and pervious concrete filter (PCF). Those two mentioned technologies work based on the pores that exist within the filter. This study aimed to review (1) the influence of the material composition of the CF and PCF on hydraulic characteristics (porosity, permeability, pore size, pore structure, pore connectivity/ distribution) and its removal effectiveness, and (2) the removal mechanisms of suspended solids and bacteria based on its hydraulic characteristics. The study reviewed 45 literature, including books, reports, and published articles. The type, mineral, and sources of clay and the type, shape, proportion, and size of combustible materials on CF will affect its hydraulic characteristic. The shape, size, and type of aggregate, the ratio of water to cement, and the ratio of aggregate to cement on PCF will affect its hydraulic characteristics. The removal mechanisms of suspended solids are straining on the surface and trapping on the deadlocked pores. On the other hand, the bacteria removal mechanisms strain the bacteria in the dirt layer and trap the bacteria in the pores.
Perkembangan pemukiman di sekitar sungai tidak bisa dielakkan lagi dengan semakin mahalnya harga tanah. Konsekuensi dari padatnya pemukiman penduduk akan berakibat pada permasalahan pembuangan limbah rumah tangga dan lainnya ke badan sungai. Beberapa kampung di sekitar sungai sudah ada yang membuat ipal komunal rumah tangga tetapi masih banyak yang membuang limbah langsung ke sungai. Limbah rumah tangga yang masuk ke badan sungai cukup banyak . Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui indeks pencemaran Sungai Gajahwong, Code dan Winongo yang mengalir di Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan menggabungkan metode pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif secara berurutan. Pada tahap awal penelitian dilakukan dengan metode kuantitatif dan dilanjutkan dengan metode kualitatif. Penilian kondisi kualitas sungai ditentukan berdasarkan parameter aspek kimia dan biologi pada Sungai Gajahwong, Code, dan Winongo. Informasi secara kualitatif diperoleh dengan mengambil gambar di 3 lokasi untuk setiap sungai. Limbah rumah tangga yang masuk ke sungai tanpa pengolahan terlebih dahulu berdampak terhadap kualitas air dan indeks pencemaran sungai. Kualitas air Sungai Gajahwong, Code dan Winongo yang melewati Yogyakarta masih tercemar terutama Sungai Gajahwong, sehingga untuk memanfaatkan air sungai masih harus dikaji ulang meskipun pada tahun terakhir status mutu kualitas air terutama Sungai Code termasuk cemar ringan.Kata kunci: Limbah Rumah Tangga; Kualitas Air; Pengelolaan
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is included in the rhizome plant containing curcumin which has various therapeutic properties. However, curcumin has poor bioavailability. The manufacture of nanoemulsion is expected to increase curcumin bioavailability. This study aims to compare 3 methods (wet-ball milling, ultrasonication and microfluidic) and 3 carrier oils (soybean, virgin coconut, and olive oil) in the production of curcumin nanoemulsion. Wet-ball milling reduces particle size through grinding process using milling beads in liquid medium. Microfluidic decreases the particle size via collision of emulsion components in microchannel while ultrasound utilizes sound-wave energy to break down the particle size. Parameters compared were particle size, polydispersity index and entrapment efficiency. Particle size and polydispersity index were observed using Particle Size Analyzer with Dynamic Light Scattering technique while entrapment efficiency was measured based on the curcumin absorbance in UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 420 nm. Our study concludes that microfluidic is the most effective and efficient fabrication method which produces the smallest particle size and polydispersity index compared to ultrasonication and microfluidic. The resulting particle sizes using microfluidic are 154, 140 and 132 nm with polydispersity index of 0.224; 0.200 and 0.208 in soybean, virgin coconut, and olive oil respectively. However, entrapment efficiency is best achieved using wet-ball milling method with the average value of 49±10%. Soybean oil appears to be the most curcumin solubilizing oil compared to olive and virgin coconut oil. Thus, it can be concluded that fabrication methods and carrier oils determine curcumin nanoemulsion properties.
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