a b s t r a c tIn this paper, we discuss how an existing empirical drought index, i.e. the Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) that is commonly used for assessing forest fire danger, has been adjusted and modified for improved use in tropical wetland ecosystems. The improvement included: (i) adjustment of the drought factor to the local climate, and (ii) addition of the water table depth as a dynamic factor to control the drought index. We distinguished three different indices, the original Keetch-Byram Drought Index, the adjusted KBDI (KBDI adj ) that represents the original drought index, but including local climate information, and the modified KBDI (mKBDI) that considers both local climate information, and soil and hydrological characteristics. The mKBDI was developed and tested in a wetland forest of South Sumatra (Indonesia) from April 2009 to March 2011. During this period, hydrometeorological data were monitored and used to calculate the KBDI, KBDI adj , and mKBDI. First, mKBDI was calibrated using observed soil moisture that was converted to an observed drought index (DI obs ). The results indicate that performance of the mKBDI is encouraging based on the following: (i) its pattern followed the dynamics of DI obs , (ii) prediction of frequency of fire danger classes, and (iii) statistically criteria. The mKBDI clearly outperformed KBDI and KBDI adj . Furthermore, we found a critical water table depth when it reaches maximum fire danger (0.85 m for the wetland forest of South Sumatra) below which danger does not increase anymore. The mKBDI could be more widely applied, if pedotransfer functions are developed that link easily obtainable soil properties to the parameters of the water table factor. Our findings encourage land use planners, water managers and stakeholders (e.g. forest estate owners) to integrate local climate information, and soil and hydrological characteristics into the Keetch-Byram Drought Index to better predict fire danger, particularly in tropical wetland ecosystems.

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The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) for improving rice production has been attracting worldwide attention for its relatively high yield and greater water productivity (WP). One distinctive characteristic of SRI paddy fields is maintaining groundwater level (GWL) close to the soil's surface as dynamic aerobic-anaerobic soil conditions enhance crop growth. We investigated the performance of SRI paddy rice when subjected to a gradual lowering of GWL to assess the consequences of this for yield, WP, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Intensive measurements of climate data, plant biomass, soil nutrients, and CH 4 and N 2 O emissions were made in four plots with experimentally different GWLs. Statistical analysis was used to assess differences among the plots, and an artificial neural network (ANN) model was used to track and estimate CH 4 and N 2 O based on measured GWL, soil pH, and soil temperature data. The results showed that a gradually decreasing GWL, as deep as 35 cm from the surface, was able to reduce GHG emissions, but it also produced lower yield and less WP, with correspondingly higher GHG per unit yield. In conclusion, maintaining GWL close to the soil surface would be the best practice for water management in the SRI paddy fields. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. RÉSUMÉLe Système de Riziculture Intensive (SRI) pour améliorer la production de riz a attiré l'attention dans le monde entier pour son rendement relativement élevé et sa plus grande productivité de l'eau (WP). Une caractéristique distinctive de rizières SRI est le maintient du niveau de la nappe phréatique (GWL) près de la surface du sol car l'alternance des conditions aérobie et anaérobie y favorise la croissance des cultures. Nous avons étudié la performance de riz paddy SRI lorsqu'il est soumis à un abaissement progressif de GWL pour évaluer les conséquences sur le rendement, WP, et les gaz à effet de serre (GES). Des mesures intensives de données sur le climat, la biomasse végétale, les nutriments du sol et les émissions de CH4 et N2O ont été faites dans quatre parcelles expérimentales pour différentes hauteurs de nappe. L'analyse statistique a été utilisée pour évaluer les différences entre les parcelles, et un réseau de neurones artificiels (ANN) a été mis en oeuvre pour suivre et évaluer le CH4 et le N2O sur la base des mesures de GWL, de pH et de température du sol. Les résultats ont montré qu'une GWL progressivement décroissante jusque que 35 cm sous la surface, a réussi à réduire les émissions de GES, mais il a également produit un rendement plus faible et une moindre WP, et plus de GES par unité de rendement. En conclusion, le maintien de GWL près de la surface du sol serait la meilleure pratique pour la gestion de l'eau dans les rizières SRI.

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ABSTRAKYoghurt kering merupakan salah satu inovasi pengembangan produk yoghurt. Yoghurt kering dapat meningkatkan daya simpan yoghurt serta lebih praktis karena mengurangi volume sehingga lebih memudahkan dalam proses distribusi. Pengayaan yoghurt kering dengan III sebagai pangan fungsional yang berperan dalam meningkatkan penyerapan kalsium bermanfaat sebagai pencegahan terhadap osteoporosis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis karakteristik yoghurt kering yang diperkaya dengan DFA III dari umbi dahlia dan umbi meliputi: (1) proses pembuatan yoghurt kering tanpa pengayaan (Y), diperkaya dengan DFA III dari umbi dahlia (YD), dan diperkaya dengan DFA III komersial dari umbi organoleptik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kemurnian DFA III dari umbi dahlia 96,0% dan DFA III komersial dari umbi 99,9%. Hasil terbaik diperoleh dari yoghurt kering yang diperkaya dengan DFA III dari umbi dahlia (YD) menghasilkan rendemen 17,83±0,36% lebih tinggi secara nyata dibandingkan dengan tanpa pengayaan (Y) 14,90±1,27% dan pengayaan dengan DFA III dari umbi (YC) 14,71±1,69% (p<0,05). Produk YD mengandung kadar air 7,89±0,01%; kadar abu 3,43±0,06%; kadar protein 12,43±0,13%; kadar lemak 1,22±0,07%; kadar karbohidrat 75,02±0,10%; pH/derajat keasaman 3,9±0,00; keasaman sebagai asam laktat 0,49±0,02%; derajat putih 89,29±0,08%; dan viabilitas bakteri asam laktat 1,20x107cfu.g-1. Pengujian organoleptik menggunakan 40 panelis semi terlatih, dengan hasil penilaian untuk aroma dan warna menunjukkan kriteria suka, untuk tekstur dan rasa menunjukkan kriteria agak suka. Yoghurt kering yang diperkaya dengan DFA III dari umbi dahlia yang bersifat prebiotik dapat meningkatkan viabilitas bakteri asam laktat sebagai probiotik yang menunjukkan bahwa produk tersebut dapat digolongkan sebagai produk sinbiotik dan dapat digunakan sebagai minuman fungsional untuk meningkatkan penyerapan kalsium sebagai pencegahan terhadap osteoporosis. Kata kunci:III, karakteristik, pengayaan, yoghurt kering ABSTRACTDried yogurt is one of yogurt product development innovations. Beside increases the shelf life, dried yogurt is also more practical because it reduces the volume to the easier distribution process. Dried yogurt enriched by Difructose Anhydride III as functional food in increasing calcium absorption is useful as osteoporosis prevention. The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of dried yogurt enriched by DFA III from dahlia and chicory tubers as functional drink on physicochemical, microbiology, and organoleptic properties. The research stages include: (1) The production of dried yogurt without enrichment (Y), with DFA III enrichment from dahlia tubers (YD), and with DFA

An increase in the number of elderly people indicates a higher life expectancy. However, this is also a new challenge since the elderly tends to have age-related diseases, thus the physical, psychological, and sensory disorders that will affect their nutritional status. The development of geriatric foods such as cream soup made from pumpkin and tempeh is considered to be the solution to prevent this situation. This study used a factorial randomized design, containing processing methods (fresh and instant) and the addition of tempeh (0%, 75%, and 100%). Sensory evaluation (rating and ranking test), physical characteristics (pH, yield, rehydration, and viscosity), nutritional analysis (proximate, crude fibre, dietary fibre, vitamins B6 and B12, and β-carotene content), and acceptance analysis of cream soup fresh and instant were examined. Physical characterization revealed that the product had a pH of 5.4–5.7, a viscosity of 1250–2190 cP, a rehydration ratio of 5.51–6.47 g mL-1, and a yield of 19.44%–26.9%. The result of sensory evaluation showed that the processing method and tempeh addition had a significant effect ( p < 0.05 ) on the product acceptance. This also affects the nutritional value, in which fresh products had higher nutritional value than the instant product, and products with tempeh had higher ash, protein, dietary fibre, and vitamin B12 than products without tempeh. Based on this analysis, the instant cream soup with 75% tempeh is the best formula. In one portion size (50 g), instant cream soup with 75% tempeh met 10% or more of the Indonesian recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for the elderly in terms of protein, carbohydrates, fat, energy, dietary fibre, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and vitamin A, so it can be recommended as a complementary food for the elderly.

ABSTRAKWaduk Ir. H. Djuanda merupakan waduk multi fungsi yang salah satunya adalah untuk kegiatan budidaya ikan. Adanya input pakan dari kegiatan budidaya dapat menyebabkan peningkatan bahan organik dan penurunan konsentrasi oksigen terlarut. Kegiatan budidaya ikan dalam karamba jaring apung (KJA) menyumbang bahan organik ke perairan yang laju dekomposisinya (k) (per hari) dipengaruhi oleh suhu perairan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kedalaman hipoksia di lokasi karamba jaring apung untuk budidaya ikan di Waduk Ir. H. Djuanda dan pengaruh suhu terhadap besarnya laju dekomposisi bahan organik (k). Penelitian kondisi hipoksia dilakukan di Waduk Ir. H Djuanda dan selanjutnya pengamatan BOD untuk penentuan laju dekomposisi bahan organik di Laboratorium Balai Penelitian Pemulihan dan Konservasi Sumberdaya Ikan pada bulan Februari-April 2013. Penentuan kondisi hipoksia berdasaran Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 82 Tahun 2001 dan penentuan laju dekomposisi berdasarkan Least Square Method. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedalaman hipoksia dimulai pada kedalaman 3 m dan laju dekomposisi bahan organik (k) tertinggi pada suhu 28,5°C yaitu sebesar 0,189/hari. KATA KUNCI: Laju dekomposisi, hipoksia, bahan organik, suhu, Waduk Ir. H. DjuandaABSTRACT Ir H. Djuanda Reservoir is a multi-purpose reservoirs, one of which is for fisheries culture activity. Feed inputs from aquaculture activities can lead to an increase in organic matter and a decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration. Cultivation of fish in floating cage net contributing organic material into waters which the rate of organic matter decomposition (k) (per day) is affected by water temperature. The purpose of this study was to know the depth of hypoxia in floating cage net for fisheries culture in the Ir. H. Djuanda Reservoir and the effect of temperature on the amount of organic matter decomposition rates (k). Observation of hypoxic conditions was conducted in Ir. H Djuanda Reservoir and furthermore observation of BOD to determine the rate of organic matter decomposition at Research Institute for Rehabilitation and Conservation of Fish Resources laboratory in February-April, 2013. Determination of hypoxic conditions based on Government Regulation of the Republic Indonesia Number 81 Year 2001 and the determination of the rate of decomposition based on Least SquareMethod. The results showed that the depth of hypoxia began at a depth of 3 m and the higher of decomposition rate of organic matter (k) was 0.189/day at temperature 28.5°C.

Subsurface drainage technology may offer a useful option in improving crop productivity by preventing water-logging in poor drainage paddy fields. The present study compared two paddy fields with and without sheet-pipe type subsurface drainage on land and water productivities in Indonesia. Sheet-pipe typed is perforated plastic sheets with a hole diameter of 2 mm and made from high-density polyethylene. It is commonly installed 30–50 cm below the soil surface and placed horizontally by a machine called a mole drainer, and then the sheets will automatically be a capillary pipe. Two fields were prepared, i.e., the sheet-pipe typed field (SP field) and the non-sheet-pipe typed field (NSP field) with three rice varieties (Situ Bagendit, Inpari 6 Jete, and Inpari 43 Agritan). In both fields, weather parameters and water depth were measured by the automatic weather stations, soil moisture sensors and water level sensors. During one season, the SP field drained approximately 45% more water compared to the NSP field. Thus, it caused increasing in soil aeration and producing a more significant grain yield, particularly for Inpari 43 Agritan. The SP field produced a 5.77 ton/ha grain yield, while the NSP field was 5.09 ton/ha. By producing more grain yield, the SP field was more effective in water use as represented by higher water productivity by 20%. The results indicated that the sheet-pipe type system developed better soil aeration that provides better soil conditions for rice.