Objectives Cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis, are the leading cause of human mortality in Indonesia. Ipomoea batatas (L.) is a food plant used in Indonesian traditional medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases and related conditions. We assessed the anti-atherosclerotic activity of the aqueous extract of I. batatas leaves in a rat model of high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis and its mechanism. Methods The presence of amino acid content in the I. batatas L. purple variant was determined by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=6/group), i.e., standard diet group (SD), high-fat diet group (HF), and HF plus I. batatas L. extracts orally (625; 1,250; or 2,500 mg/kg) groups. The numbers of macrophages and aortic wall thickness were analyzed histologically. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to assess foam cells-oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the aorta. Results LC-HRMS analysis showed nine amino acid content were identified from I. batatas L. In vivo study revealed that oral administration of I. batatas L. leaf extract alleviated foam cells-oxLDL formation and aortic wall thickness caused by high-fat diet atherosclerosis rats. Further, I. batatas L. leaf extract promoted the number of macrophages and modulated VEGF and eNOS expression in the aorta. Conclusions I. batatas L. leaf extract shows a positive anti-atherosclerosis effect. Furthermore, the mechanism may promote the macrophages, eNOS, VEGF expressions, and inhibition of foam cells-oxLDL formation and aortic wall thickness with the best dosage at 2,500 mg/kg. This could represent a novel approach to prevent cardiovascular diseases.
Atherosclerosis causes significant morbidity and mortality. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) can predict the onset of cardiovascular and ischemic stroke in the future. CIMT, the measurement of atherosclerosis, is determined in vivo using carotid ultrasound. CIMT is associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as age, sex, race, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, exercise habits, blood pressure, dyslipidemia, dietary patterns, medications used, glycemia, hyperuricemia, anthropometric parameters associated with obesity. In addition, CIMT is also associated with novel risk factors, ie genotypes, cardiovascular anthropometry parameters, rheumatoid arthritis, immunologic diseases, inflammatory cytokines, lipid peroxidation, chemocyte anthropometric parameters, infectious diseases, vitamin D, matrix metalloproteinases, and other diseases
Ipomoea batatas L purple variant is a natural source of bioactive compounds with strong antioxidant activity and has long been used in folk medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the active compounds, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of Ipomoea batatas L purple variant leaf extract in rats fed a high-fat diet. The presence of active compounds in the Ipomoea batatas L purple variant was determined by liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The rats were divided into five experimental groups of six animals in each group. Namely standard diet/normal group (SD), high-fat diet group (HFD), and HFD plus extracts (625; 1250; or 2500 mg/kg) groups for twelve weeks. The effect of leaf extract on antioxidant activity was analyzed using the DPPH assay, while oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory analysis were performed by immunohistochemistry. LC-HRMS analysis showed six active compounds were identified from Ipomoea batatas L. Besides, there is a reduction in oxidative stress through malondialdehyde (MDA) expression on the oral supplementation with Ipomoea batatas leaf purple variant extract doses of 1250 and 2500 mg/kg body weight. Meanwhile, all extract doses can significantly increase antioxidant activities such as nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf-2) expression, superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) expression, and decrease pro-inflammatory such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression in the aorta. Taken together, these findings provide a basis for the recommendation of compounds from the supplementation of an Ipomoea batatas L purple variant leaf extract can be an alternative herbal therapy to inhibit the harmful effects of a high-fat diet.
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