This article studies the path dependence of human capital accumulation in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It focuses on the impacts of German‐speaking immigrants on education through three channels: their share of the population in the nineteenth century, their on‐the‐job skills, and the schools they founded. Using a new dataset based on almanacs from 1873 and 1888, these effects are evaluated for the nineteenth, early twentieth, and early twenty‐first centuries. The article shows that the institutionalized demand for education of these immigrants, reflected by the establishment of schools, was their main contribution to the accumulation of human capital. The effect of German schools on educational levels required a period to mature and dissipated over time. Nevertheless, its influence was substantial at the beginning of the twentieth century, affecting enrolment levels in private and state schools, a result that suggests the existence of spillover and contagion effects. Moreover, current indicators for stocks and flows of human capital in São Paulo are strongly associated with their historical levels. At the same time, this path dependence is conditional on the type of school: while a positive persistence is found for the private system throughout the twentieth century, convergence occurred in state schools.
O presente artigo busca lançar uma nova abordagem para o tema das potencialidades do sistema de parceria como forma de relações trabalhistas livres na lavoura cafeeira paulista entre 1840-1870, sobretudo considerando as primeiras fases de contratação da mão-de-obra europeia: no estudo em questão, são abordados contratos de imigrantes alemães alocados à Fazenda Ibicaba, em Limeira. Baseando-se no balanço da colônia para os pioneiros alemães de 1847, são realizados dois estudos quantitativos: (i) um contra-factual para determinar o peso relativo das cláusulas de controle adicionadas na década de 1850; e (ii) modelos econométricos para testar algumas hipóteses subjacentes à literatura, principalmente no que diz respeito à questão da falha estrutural nos contratos de parceria (espiral de endividamento e desincentivos continuados). O último ponto é abordado opondo as perspectivas historiográficas de Warren Dean e Emilia Viotti da Costa, que tratam, respectivamente, de problemas institucionais na aplicação de contratos equilibrados vs falhas estruturais nos próprios contratos.
Para analisar algumas percepções populares alemãs sobre a imigração para São Paulo na virada para o século XX, este artigo utiliza duas fontes relativamente desconhecidas do público atual: o conto infanto-juvenil “Die Ansiedler von São Paulo” de Edgard Reinhold (1897) e um ensaio sobre as comunidades alemãs em São Paulo de Carlos Frederico Scheler (1905), publicado no almanaque “Erstes Jahrbuch für die deutschsprechende Kolonie im Staate São Paulo”. O artigo demonstra a persistência das visões negativas sobre São Paulo na Alemanha ainda na virada para o século XX, fruto principalmente das experiências com trabalhadores rurais endividados, empregados sob o sistema de parceria em meados do século XIX. Outros temas relevantes discutidos pelos autores incluíam: (i) a insegurança dos direitos de propriedade na aquisição de terras e (ii) as dificuldades de acesso à justiça brasileira pelos estrangeiros. Reinhold e Scheler apresentam visões antagônicas sobre estes pontos – o que se explica pela natureza dos textos, suas fontes e públicos esperados. No entanto, ambos adotam uma perspectiva homogeneizante para abordar a presença alemã no estrangeiro; tem-se nos dois a formulação do arquétipo dos “alemães do estrangeiro” (Auslandsdeutsche), conforme pensado para servir aos interesses do Império Alemão. Finalmente, o artigo discute a regionalização dos estudos de imigração no Brasil e propõe paralelos entre o sul e o sudeste, conforme discutido por Reinhold e Scheler.Palavras-chave: Imigração. Comunidades alemãs. São Paulo.ABSTRACTThis paper studies some popular German perceptions about immigration to São Paulo at the turn to the twentieth century by making use of two sources that are relatively unkown to modern audiences: the story “Die Ansiedler von São Paulo” from Edgard Reinhold (1897) – a tale for the youth – and an essay about the German communities of São Paulo by Carlos Frederico Scheler (1905) published in the almanac “Erstes Jahrbuch für die deutschsprechende Kolonie im Staate São Paulo”. This article demonstrates the persistence in Germany of some negative views about São Paulo at the turn to the twentieth century, a consequence mainly of the experiences with indebted rural laborers employed under sharecropping contracts by the mid-nineteenth century. Other relevant themes discussed by the sources include: (i) the insecure property righs on landownership and (ii) problems that foreigners faced to access the Brazilian justice. Reinhold and Scheler have antagonic understandings about these points – which is comprehensible considering the nature of these two texts, their own sources and their expected readers. However, the authors adopt a homogenizing perspective to deal with the German presence outside Germany; we perceive in both texts the creation of an archetypical “German living abroad” (Auslandsdeutsche), conceptualized to serve the interests of the German Empire. Finally, this article debates the regionalization of immigration studies in Brazil and proposes tracing more parallels between the southern and southeastern regions, as also discussed by Reinhold and Scheler.Keywords: Immigration. German communities. São Paulo.
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