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ABSTRACT. We used the Schumacher-Eschmeyer method for closed populations to estimate and compare the population size of adults of Aegla paulensis, from Jaraguá State Park (São Paulo, Brazil), in two periods of the year with contrasting climatic conditions (late winter and late summer). The calculated density of adult individuals was considerably higher in the summer (11.5 ind m -2 ) than in the winter (6.7 ind m -2 ). This density difference of adult individuals was attributed to variation in the population structure of coexisting cohorts of adults at each sampling season of the year, due to dissimilarities in the cumulative abundance of recruits that effectively become adults after puberty molt, and difference in longevity between sexes. Keywords: freshwater decapods, Aeglidae, population structure, mark and recapture, close population, Brazil.Tamaño poblacional de Aegla paulensis (Decapoda: Anomura: Aeglidae) RESUMEN. Se utilizó el método Schumacher-Eschmeyer para poblaciones cerradas, para estimar y comparar el tamaño poblacional de adultos de Aegla paulensis, de Jaraguá State Park (São Paulo, Brasil), durante dos períodos del año, con condiciones climáticas contrastantes (fines de invierno y fines de verano). La densidad de adultos fue considerablemente más alta en verano (11,5 ind m -2 ) que en el invierno (6,7 ind m -2). Esta diferencia en la densidad de individuos adultos fue atribuido a variaciones en la estructura poblacional de cohortes coexistentes durante cada una de las estaciones del año. Estas variaciones fueron debido a disimilaridades en la abundancia acumulativa de reclutas que efectivamente serán adultos, después de la muda de pubertad, y a diferencias en la longevidad entre los sexos. Palabras clave: decápodos de agua dulce, Aeglidae, estructura poblacional, marcaje y recaptura, población cerrada, Brasil.

To admit that species generally become rare before they become extinct, to feel no surprise at the rarity of the species, and yet to marvel greatly when the species ceases to exist, is much the same as to admit that sickness in the individual is the forerunner of death-to feel no surprise at sickness, but when the sick man dies, to wonder and to suspect that he died of some deed of violence" (Charles Darwin, The origin of species, Capítulo 11) Agradecimentos Ao Prof. Dr. Sérgio Luiz de Siqueira Bueno pela orientação em todas as etapas deste trabalho, por compartilhar momentos importantes para a minha formação acadêmica e pessoal, e pela inalterável paciência.