Neutrices and external numbers were proposed as models of orders of magnitude within nonstandard analysis. We show that the external numbers form a commutative regular semigroup for addition and that the external numbers which are not neutrices form a commutative regular semigroup for multiplication. The validity of the distributive law is restricted, but it can be fully characterized.
We present a bounded modified realisability and a bounded functional interpretation of intuitionistic nonstandard arithmetic with nonstandard principles.The functional interpretation is the intuitionistic counterpart of Ferreira and Gaspar's functional interpretation and has similarities with Van den Berg, Briseid and Safarik's functional interpretation but replacing finiteness by majorisability.We give a threefold contribution: constructive content and proof-theoretical properties of nonstandard arithmetic; filling a gap in the literature; being in line with nonstandard methods to analyse compactness arguments.1. We add the standard predicates st σ (t σ ) (for each finite type σ).2. We add the standardness axioms:(for each finite types σ and τ ).3. We add the external induction rule Φ(0) ∀x 0 (st 0 (x)→(Φ(x)→Φ(x+1))) ∀x 0 (st 0 (x)→Φ(x))
Neutrices are additive subgroups of a nonstandard model of the real numbers. An external number is the algebraic sum of a nonstandard real number and a neutrix. Due to the stability by some shifts, external numbers may be seen as mathematical models for orders of magnitude. The algebraic properties of external numbers gave rise to the so-called solids, which are extensions of ordered fields, having a restricted distributivity law. However, necessary and sufficient conditions can be given for distributivity to hold. In this article we develop an axiomatics for the external numbers. The axioms are similar to, but mostly somewhat weaker than the axioms for the real numbers and deal with algebraic rules, Dedekind completeness and the Archimedean property. A structure satisfying these axioms is called a complete arithmetical solid. We show that the external numbers form a complete arithmetical solid, implying the consistency of the axioms presented. We also show that the set of precise elements (elements with minimal magnitude) has a built-in nonstandard model of the rationals. Indeed the set of precise elements is situated between the nonstandard rationals and the nonstandard reals whereas the set of non-precise numbers is completely determined.2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 03H05, 03C65, 26E35.
We give a characterization of the validity of the distributive law in a
solid. There exists equivalence between the characterization and the modified
axiom of distibutivity valid in a solid
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