No abstract
A B S T R A C TThe objective was to determine water sorption isotherms of diaspores of pequi fruits in order to obtain information on the amount of water that this product desorbs at the temperatures of 10, 20, 30 and 40 °C and water activities from 0.20 to 0.89, adjusting different mathematical models to experimental data, and to determine its latent heat and isosteric heat. The equilibrium moisture content was obtained through the indirect static method, using the device Hygropalm Model Aw 1. The Modified Henderson model was the one that best fitted the data and was selected to predict the equilibrium moisture content of pequi diaspore. It was observed that the higher the temperature for the same equilibrium moisture content (% d.b.), the higher the water activity values . As temperature values increased, there was a reduction in the vaporization latent heat of the product. Determinação das isotermas de dessorção, calor latente e calor isostérico de diásporos de pequi R E S U M O Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, determinar as isotermas de dessorção de água de diásporos de pequi a fim de obter informações da quantidade de água que este produto dessorve nas temperaturas de 10, 20, 30, 40 °C e atividades de água entre 0,20 e 0,89, ajustar diferentes modelos matemáticos aos dados experimentais e determinar o calor latente e o calor isostérico. Para obtenção do equilíbrio higroscópico foi utilizado o método estático indireto com uso do equipamento Hygropalm Model Aw 1. O modelo Henderson Modificado foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados sendo selecionado para predição do equilíbrio higroscópico dos diásporos de pequi. Verificou-se que quanto maior a temperatura para um mesmo teor de água de equilíbrio (% b.s.) maiores são os valores de atividade de água. Com o aumento da temperatura ocorre redução da magnitude do calor latente de vaporização do produto. Os valores de calor isostérico para os diásporos de pequi na faixa de teor de água de 4,02 a 16,63 (% b.s.) variaram de 2.776,49 a 2.558,39 kJ kg -1 .
Dairy farmers strive to meet industry quality standards, the industry focuses on the quality of the raw material for higher yield and quality of dairy product. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of bulk transportation, storage and milking system on the quality of refrigerated milk. Overall, 548 samples of refrigerated milk were collected, 312 from bulk tanks (individual and collective) and (manual and mechanical milking), 143 from tank cars and 93 from industrial silos. Mean values of proximate composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC), were compared in relation to different milking systems (manual and mechanical), type of producer (individual and collective) for these comparisons and for physicochemical analyses, total bacterial count and somatic cell count in different collections, the Tukey test at 5% significance level was used. It was observed that 40% of milk samples from bulk tanks, 69.93% of samples from tank cars and 62.36% of samples from industrial silos had SCC over 500,000 SC / ml. There was an increase of TBC from the bulk collection of milk on the farm up to the arrival of milk in the processing industry. Refrigerated milk stored in individual or collective bulk tanks obtained by manual or mechanical milking had to be adjusted to standards required by Normative Instruction number 62 of December 2011. Education and training measures such as hygienic milk collection, cleaning of milking equipment, proper implementation of mastitis control programs and refrigeration of the post-milking raw material must be adopted aiming at improving the quality of refrigerated milk.
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