The filtration of airborne nanoparticles is becoming an important issue as they are produced in large quantities from material synthesis and combustion emission. Current international standards dealing with efficiency test for filters and filter media focus on measurement of the minimum efficiency at the most penetrating particle size. The available knowledge and instruments provide a solid base for development of test methods to determine the effectiveness of filtration media for airborne nanoparticles down to a single-digit nanometer range.An inter-laboratory evaluation is performed under the Technical Committee 195 of European Committee for Standardization (CEN/TC195) for the development of the methodology to determine effectiveness of filtration media for airborne particles in the 3-500 nm range. Statistical analysis of the results was performed according to ISO 5725-2 in order to evaluate the test procedure and sensitivity analysis was carried out to identify the factors that could possibly affect the test results.Inter-laboratory analysis revealed some deviation among the experimental results. The statistical analysis showed a less than 20% deviation. This deviation could be attributed to the difference among the experimental setups used by the laboratories. The sensitivity analyses did not indicate a strong influence by the temperature, relative humidity, flow distribution, challenging particle concentration, or particle density on the filtration efficiency in the parameter ranges used in the inter-laboratory test. However, the charging status of the filter affected the filtration efficiency.
In a scenario of economic crisis it is common for companies to reduce the volume of social activities and innovation. Companies in the electricity sector are the basis for a country’s industries, making this sector one of the most important. Therefore, it is relevant to investigate whether companies in the electricity sector perform innovation, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities, and CSR actions that can be considered as innovation. The objective of this study was to describe the CSR actions and innovations that matter most to the electric sector companies present in the BMF Bovespa Corporate Sustainability Index (ISE). A documentary survey was carried out, consisting of the management and sustainability reports, from the years 2013 to 2015, of the 10 companies listed in the ISE in the year 2015. Regarding CSR activities, it can be inferred that promoting art, culture, citizenship, quality of life and generation of income for young people and adults, have programs of inclusive professional training and volunteer programs, matter to the companies surveyed. Regarding the relationship between innovation and CSR, it can be inferred that the implementation of innovations that led to the improvement of social actions, and the elaboration of innovation projects matter to companies, to the detriment of the other researched items. It is suggested that the actions of innovation and CSR are focused primarily on the development of the individual and the interaction with the society in which it is inserted, and this can provide a favorable image of the company for society.
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