The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

Introdução: a responsabilidade civil está baseada na obrigação em reparar os danos causados e, no caso da Odontologia, tal demanda pode ocorrer na relação profissional-paciente. O número de ações movidas contra cirurgiões-dentistas vem crescendo, denotando a importância de conhecer tal realidade nas mais diferentes regiões do Brasil. Objetivo :realizar um levantamento das ações judiciais envolvendo questionamento de tratamentos odontológicos com enfoque na responsabilidade civil e analisar suas características, no município do Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brasil, entre os anos 2010 e 2017. Metodologia: a pesquisa foi realizada por meio de busca online no site do Tribunal da Justiça do Rio de Janeiro, a partir de listagem pública com os nomes dos cirurgiões-dentistas inscritos no município. Resultados: frente aos 15.749 profissionais regularmente inscritos no município, foram encontrados 141 processos, dos quais 90 puderam ser analisados. 42,22% dos processos ainda estavam em andamento, e 57,77% concluídos. Conclusão: analisando as características de cada processo, concluiuse que o número de processos contra cirurgiões-dentistas aumentou nos últimos anos, envolvendo principalmente as áreas de Implantodontia, Prótese Dentária, Endodontia e Cirurgia, e com resultados em que predominantemente o cirurgião-dentista teve que indenizar a parte ré.

The underrepresentation of women in male-dominated fields of study can generate a lack of role models for female students, which may influence their career choices. This paper sheds light on this question, investigating the existence of impacts of the gender composition of instructors and peers in the Department of Economics from a selective Brazilian university. Specifically, we analyze whether having higher shares of female professors and classmates throughout undergraduate studies in Economics affects female students' labor market outcomes. We use comprehensive administrative data from the University of Sao Paulo, containing information on students' academic results and students', instructors', and course sections' characteristics. We merge these data with Brazilian labor market and firm ownership data to obtain a broad range of career outcomes, including labor force participation, occupational choices, career progression, and wages. To overcome endogeneity issues arising from students' self-selection into professors and peers, we exploit the random assignment of students in the first-semester classes and focus on mandatory courses. A higher representation of women in a male-dominated field, such as Economics, increases female students' labor force participation. Moreover, larger female faculty shares increase the probability that a female student becomes a top manager. These results suggest ways to counteract the highly discussed glass ceiling in high-earning occupations. We show that students' academic performance and elective coursechoice are not driving the effects. Instead, we find suggestive evidence that higher shares of female classmates may increase the likelihood of working during undergraduate studies, leading to stronger labor market attachment.

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BORGES, Bruna Saud. Estimativa do intervalo post mortem pela degradação da molécula de RNA proveniente da polpa de dentes submetidos ao meio aquático.

In this paper, we study the underrepresentation of women in economics in Brazil by analysing the evolution of their academic careers and their participation in two leading national economics conferences. To depict the path of women in the profession, we use novel data collected from annual surveys carried out by the Brazilian Women in Economics research group, data from the ANPEC exam, the unified admission exam for graduate programmes in economics and secondary data provided by the two main economics associations in Brazil. We find that it is more difficult for women to progress to tenure, and, therefore, there are “leaks in the academic career pipeline”. There are also persistent gender differences in the choice of research fields, as women mostly research on applied microeconomics.

Objetivo: Realizar um levantamento dos artigos científicos que utilizaram acervos de imagem como fonte de pesquisa em Odontologia Legal e discutir essa utilização sob perspectivas éticas, bioéticas e legais. Material e Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca de artigos científicos nas bases de dados Lilacs, PubMed e Scielo entre os anos de 2015 e 2019 utilizando descritores nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. Foram incluídos apenas artigos da área de Odontologia Legal que utilizaram acervos de imagem como fonte de informação. Foram excluídos estudos laboratoriais ou clínicos, arqueológicos ou antropológicos, relatos de caso ou artigos de revisão, estudos prospectivos ou que utilizaram exames de imagem não pertencentes a acervos. Resultados: Foram selecionados 171 artigos científicos. Desses, 22,80% (n=39) foram realizados por autores vinculados a instituições brasileiras, e 77,19% (n=132) mencionaram aprovação por comitê de ética em pesquisa ou instituição correspondente com (ou sem) necessidade de Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE). Conclusão: Os acervos de imagem compreendem uma importante fonte de informação para pesquisas em Odontologia Legal dada a quantidade de publicações realizadas no período avaliado. A maioria dos artigos mencionou aprovação ética e respeito à privacidade dos participantes, conforme os requisitos estabelecidos para dispensa do TCLE.

The relationship between patients and dentists today is more worn and less based on trust, which can lead to high rates of lawsuits related to civil liability and dental malpractice. Aim: verify if there has been an increase in the number of lawsuits related to questioned dental treatments, and against dentists registered in the city of São Paulo (SP), Brazil, from 2012 to 2017. Methods: We outlined an overview based on the list from the São Paulo Council of Dentistry containing 30,238 registered dentists in the city of São Paulo, and searched for lawsuits on the public base of the São Paulo State Court’s. Results: The search, after the inclusion and exclusion criteria, found 247 lawsuits, with dental implants as the most involved specialty. The total indemnities requested ranged from R$ 227.42 to R$ 937,000.00, but no indemnity granted exceeded the amount of R$ 100,000.00. Conclusion: According to the analysis of cases, there is a progressive increase in the number of civil liability lawsuits against dentists involving dental malpractice litigance.