RESUMO No presente artigo, apresenta-se o resultado de uma investigação experimental sobre o comportamento semirrígido de ligações típicas viga-pilar em estruturas pré-moldadas de concreto armado, projetadas para resistir ao momento fletor negativo por meio de armadura de continuidade solidarizada no local passante em bainhas corrugadas com preenchimento de graute em pilar central. O programa experimental envolveu 6 ensaios de protótipos cruciforme de ligações viga-pilar em escala real, onde o detalhamento da armadura negativa foi mantido igual para todos os modelos, mas variou-se o detalhamento das ligações positivas n o apoio da viga sobre o consolo, sendo 2 modelos com almofadas de elastômero e chumbadores verticais, 2 modelos com junta grauteada e chumbadores verticais e 2 modelos com chapas soldadas positivas. Com base nos resultados experimentais, observou-se que o detalhamento na ligação positiva apresentou influência secundária sobre a rigidez secante negativa da ligação viga-pilar, onde a rigidez média obtida nos modelos com chapas soldadas foi cerca de 11% superior à rigidez média obtida nos modelos com almofadas de elastômero. Portanto, pode-se concluir que a rigidez secante negativa é fortemente associada com o mecanismo de deformação por alongamento da armadura negativa, com escorregamento aço-concreto nas posições fissuradas da região da ligação anterior ao escoamento da armadura, com intensificação deste mecanismo com a abertura na interface viga-pilar a partir do arrancamento parcial de graute de preenchimento na bainha corrugada. Considerando uma viga de concreto armado com rigidez secante (EcI)sec = 0,5EcI e comprimento virtual L = 12h (h = altura da viga), obteve-se um coeficiente médio de engastamento parcial em torno de 65%.
This paper provides an experimental investigation on the moment-rotation response of typical moment resisting beam-column connections, employing continuous negative bars consolidated with cast in place concrete over the precast beam and passing through grouted corrugated sleeves into an intermediate column. According to [1], the relative beam-column rotation is highly dependent on the elongation mechanism of the negative bars related to both the embedment length into the grouted sleeves and the development length over the beam end, being also inversely dependent on the vertical distance between the position of the top bars and the centre of rotation at end beam section. The flexural secant stiffness of the moment-rotation response is caused by a sum of the joint opening mechanisms at the beam-column interface and crack propagation within the connection zone, wherein the bond-slip at crack positions occurs prior to the first yielding of the negative bars. Therefore, the semi-rigid behaviour of the beam-column connections is associated with deformation mechanisms that occur at the SLS, but which also affects the global behaviour and stability analysis of precast frames at the ULS.Cruciform tests of full scale beam-column connections were carried out at the Precast Research Centre of the Federal University of Sao Carlos (Brazil), where 6 prototypes were studied varying the detailing of the positive connectors over the concrete corbel. The first pair of connectors employed elastomeric bearing pads with 2 vertical dowel bars, the second pair of connectors employed horizontal joints filled with grout with 2 vertical dowel bars and the last pair of connectors employed positive welded plates. The comparison between the experimental results showed that the smallest secant stiffness, which was obtained from the connector with elastomeric bearing pad, was corresponded to 89% and to 82% of the highest secant stiffness obtained for the connectors with welded plates and grouted joint, respectively. Therefore, the experimental results indicate that the major deformation mechanism within the beam-column connections is mostly dependent on the elongation of the top bars. Finally, a simplified analytical equation has been calibrated against the experimental results of the studied beam-column connections.
The aim of this paper is the validation of monolithic equivalent stiffness applied to precast columns with grouted splice sleeve connections, wherein spliced precast elements have been compared with continuous monolithic elements. The experimental investigation has been carried out with bending tests for two spliced elements (L1 and L2), comparing the deflections along these elements with the results obtained from two monolithic elements (M1 and M2). The grouted splice sleeve connections have been characterized by their rotational stiffness (moment-rotation relationship), ultimate strength, and ductility, allowing the calibration of the equation for the secant stiffness according to ABNT NBR9062:2017. Based on the experimental results, the effective deformation length within the connection zone obtained was Led = 20ϕ, corresponding to a secant stiffness of Rsec = 77,785 kN∙m/rad. Although relative rotations have been observed at the grouted splice joint, the deflections along the precast spliced elements were very close to the deflections along the monolithic elements. A strong convergence for all phases of the load x displacement curves has been observed, as well as good approximation in terms of rotational stiffness, strength and ductility. Therefore, based on the analysis of the experimental results, the requirement to define the monolithic equivalent stiffness for the precast columns has been met.
An observed increase in the populations of Omiodes indicata (Fabricius) in Brazil's soybean crops is causing population outbreaks. Specimens were collected at Experimental Farm Lageado, in São Paulo State University (UNESP), Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. Samples of individuals (larvae and pupae) were collected in the field and kept in the laboratory until emergence of adults to confirm the species. The species O. indicata occurred in four soybean areas with no previous record of this pest. The population dynamics showed that this lepidopteran is present throughout crop development, with population peaks occurring during the reproductive period of soybean. These observations are unique to this crop and planting site, showing that the insect has been adapting to the conditions of the region where it was found, demanding attention from soybean producers.
RESUMO A maior dificuldade no emprego das estruturas pré-moldadas está relacionada com as ligações, que podem ser complexas e custosas, dependendo do projeto, contrapondo-se a uma das principais vantagens desse sistema construtivo, a rapidez. Assim, a busca por soluções mais simples e econômicas corresponde a um dos princípios mais importantes do projeto. Diante deste contexto, uma das alternativas a ser considerada durante o projeto, visando melhorar a simplicidade na produção de pilares, é evitar furos e saliências nas fôrmas com elevado custo. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a alternativa de utilizar adesivos químicos para a instalação das barras que compõem a armadura realizando a concretagem do consolo em etapa posterior à execução do pilar. Foi desenvolvido um programa experimental no qual foram ensaiados três modelos em escala real com consolo curto de mesmas dimensões, dois consolos com armadura do tirante ancorada por meio de ancoragem química e um consolo monolítico com armadura ancorada por meio de gancho dobrado a 90º. O consolo monolítico (modelo A) foi projetado atendendo aos requisitos das normas NBR 6118:2014 e NBR 9062:2006. Um modelo (modelo B) com ancoragem química foi projetado com o mesmo comprimento de ancoragem do modelo monolítico e outro modelo (modelo C) com ancoragem química foi projetado conforme as recomendações do fabricante do adesivo químico. Desta forma, foi possível avaliar, através da comparação entre os modelos, que o comprimento de ancoragem não apresentou influência no comportamento dos consolos pós-instalados. O modelo A apresentou carga última de 400 kN, o modelo B de 340 kN e o modelo C de 377 kN. Todos os modelos apresentaram ruptura por tração na flexão de forma dúctil e cargas últimas maiores que o previsto por normas e modelos de cálculo. Assim, constatou-se que os consolos pós-instalados apresentaram comportamento mecânico satisfatório, podendo ser considerado como uma solução viável.
RESUMO As estruturas pré-moldadas de concreto são, convencionalmente no Brasil, sistemas de pórticos não contraventados com pilares contínuos. Sendo os pilares responsáveis pelo fornecimento de estabilidade lateral e transporte dos carregamentos verticais. A necessidade de emendas em pilares pré-fabricados de concreto surge da adoção crescente do sistema em edificações de múltiplos pavimentos e das limitações logísticas relativas às dimensões das peças, como transporte e içamento. Uma solução para o problema é fornecer continuidade ao pilar pré-moldado por meio de ligações de continuidade. O objetivo principal do trabalho consiste em analisar o desempenho em serviço (rigidez) de ligações por meio de emenda com dispositivo metálico. Para isso foram projetados e ensaiados à flexão (quatro pontos) dois modelos: um modelo monolítico (referência) e um modelo segmentado com ligações parafusadas. Os deslocamentos verticais medidos nos modelos foram utilizados para determinação de parâmetros de rigidez equivalente, curvatura e flecha. A partir do estudo realizado pôde-se concluir que o modelo com ligação parafusada (LB-PAR) apresentou comportamento bastante próximo do modelo monolítico de referência (MB) até cerca de 80% da força que produz o momento fletor relativo ao limite de escoamento. Conclui-se que o desempenho da ligação foi satisfatório, sendo possível sua utilização em obras correntes desde que observadas as restrições de uso em casos específicos de edificações em que o comportamento global da estrutura é significativamente influenciado pelos efeitos de segunda ordem.
Provided that the anchorage capacity is guaranteed at the supports, the bearing capacity of hollow core slabs depends on the shear capacity of the pretensioned concrete webs, wherein the critical section is in a region between h and 2h from the support. For line loads acting within 2h to 6h from the supports, especially for shallow slabs 150 to 200 mm deep, it is likely to have flexure-shear cracks within the transfer region, wherein the bearing capacity is highly affected by the actual prestressing forces at the critical section. Therefore, one of the major questions pondered by structural engineers is to determine the effective amount of prestressing force that affects the shear resistance mechanism near to the support. According to ABNT NBR 14861:2011, the shear capacity is based on the flexure-shear mechanism, wherein the shear strength is a sum of the tensile concrete strength in the slab webs plus the contribution of the prestressing forces at the critical section, wherein a coefficient of 0.15 is considered. However, in both codes NBR 14861 and NBR 6118 it is required that this coefficient 0.15 should be further multiplied by an additional reduction factor in order to take into account the effect of the transmission length near to the support. Considering the current revision of the NBR 14861, this paper presents a theoretical-experimental comparison from standard shear tests of hollow core slabs with nominal depths from 150 to 200 mm carried out in different research at NETPre-UFSCar. Based on the analytical study of each term of the equation for the flexure-shear capacity, it has been observed that the coefficient 0.15 provides a conservative limit for the contribution of the actual prestressing force. Therefore, there is no need to apply any additional reduction factor in order to guarantee a safe design limit for the shear capacity.
Precast structures for multi-storey buildings can be designed with economy, safety and high performance. However, depending on the height of the building and the intensity of the lateral loads, the lateral stability system must be carefully chosen in order to maximize the global structural performance. In Brazil, the most common method for lateral stability is achieved by moment resisting precast-frames, wherein the moment-rotation response of the beam-column connections are responsible to provide the frame action, which will govern the distribution of internal forces and the sway distribution along the building height. On the other hand, in Europe, bracing systems comprised by shear walls or infill walls are mostly used, wherein beam-column connections are designed as hinged. The aim of this paper is to present a comparison between these methods for lateral stability, applying nine structural simulations with moment resisting precast-frames, shear walls and infill walls solutions, divided in three groups - 3 building with 5 storeys (21 meters high), 3 buildings with 10 storeys (41 meters high) and 3 building with 20 storeys (81 meters high). All first storeys are 5 meters high, while all the others are 4 meters high. The results from all structural analyses are compared. As conclusion, while moment-resisting beam-column connections are more feasible for applying in low-rise precast buildings, the use of shear walls and infill walls are more efficient for tall buildings due to decrease of lateral displacements, having a reduction of second order effects but also increasing the reactions at the foundations of bracing elements.
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