The conservation status of New Zealand's indigenous grasslands was assessed against an 1840 baseline, immediately prior to European settlement, when they were of maximum extent. Five major types were recognised, four of them tussock grasslands. The assumed baseline extent of areas with at least some grassland dominance was mapped on the basis of the best available information. Their current extent was derived from the "tussock" category in Land Cover Data Base 1 map (typed as for the baseline map) and the areas formally protected (as at September 2002) from Department of Conservation records. Ecological region boundaries were added and the map information scanned and compiled using ArcGIS. North Island areas were also assessed as one unit while South Island was divided into three geographic regions based on general land use patterns: western wet non-rangeland, rain-shadow rangeland, and eastern lower altitude non-rangeland regions.Of the total baseline extent of indigenous grasslands (82 432 km 2 or c. 31% of the land area), about 13% was low-alpine snow tussock grassland, 18% montane to subalpine snow tussock grassland, 23% montane to low-alpine tall red/copper tussock grassland, 44% montane to subalpine short-tussock B04014;
We report a case of pseudocirrhosis arising in the setting of regression of liver metastases from pancreatic cancer. A 55-year-old asymptomatic woman presented to our clinic with newly diagnosed metastatic pancreatic cancer with extensive liver metastases. She underwent systemic chemotherapy with gemcitabine and oxaliplatin (GEMOX). After 8 cycles of therapy, she had a remarkable response to the therapy evidenced by decline of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA19 by > 50% and nearly complete resolution of hepatic metastases in computed tomography (CT) scan. Shortly after, she developed increasing bilateral ankle edema and ascites, associated with dyspnea, progressive weight gain, and declining performance status. Gemcitabine and oxaliplatin were discontinued as other causes of her symptoms such as congestive heart disease or venous thrombosis were ruled out. CT scan 6 mo after the initiation of GEMOX revealed worsening ascites with a stable pancreatic mass. However, it also revealed a lobular hepatic contour, segmental atrophy, and capsular retraction mimicking the appearance of cirrhosis. She was managed with aggressive diuresis and albumin infusions which eventually resulted in a resolution of the above-mentioned symptoms as well as complete resolution of pseudocirrhotic appearance of the liver and ascites in CT scan. This case demonstrates that pancreatic cancer patients can develop pseudocirrhosis. Clinicians and radiologist should be well aware of this entity as early recognition and management can lead to a near complete recovery of liver function and much improved quality of life as illustrated in this case.
Summary:
A series of field experiments was conducted to evaluate the competitive effect of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Norstar’) yield. Grain yield at the centre of dense C. arvense patches ranged from 28–71% of the yield in adjacent weed‐free plots, based on measurements made at 11 experimental sites over a 2‐year period. The mean reduction in yield was 49%. Two models were used to describe grain yield reduction in terms of C. arvense shoot density: (a) linear regression of percentage yield reduction on the square root of shoot density, and (b) non‐linear regression, based on a rectangular hyperbola. Both models give similar yield loss estimates at commonly occurring shoot densities of C. arvense, but the non‐linear model accounted for more of the observed variation in grain yield. The major yield component affected by C. arvense competition was spikes per unit area, with kernel weight affected to a lesser extent.
Recommendations regarding the timing of herbicide application in winter wheat vary among production areas. The current increase in area of winter wheat production in Saskatchewan warrants an examination of herbicide recommendations for this non-traditional production area. Field research was conducted for 2 yr at several locations in Saskatchewan using 2,4-D, MCPA, dicamba, bromoxynil, chlorsulfuron, and clopyralid, applied in the late fall or early spring, to determine the effects of time and rate of application on winter wheat grain yield. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Norstar’) was tolerant to fall application of all herbicides at rates recommended for spring application. Grain yield was reduced in some cases when double the recommended spring rate of 2,4-D, MCPA, bromoxynil, and clopyralid was applied in the fall. Spring application of clopyralid resulted in significantly lower grain yield than fall application. All herbicides tested show potential for use in winter wheat production, although caution is warranted for spring application of clopyralid.Key words: Wheat (winter), 2,4-D, MCPA, dicamba, bromoxynil, chlorsulfuron
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