The measurement of rock varnish cation-ratios [(K+Ca)/Ti] and barium is evaluated by analyzing the same varnish scrapings with PIXE, inductively coupled plasma, neutron activation and wavelength dispersive electron microprobe. Results among these different methods are generally similar for ratios, but absolute concentrations differ in part due to uncertainties associated with weighing small samples. Barium concentrations are typically less than 1 % by weight; higher concentrations can be found in varnishes with depressions eroded into the varnish by fungi and lichens, and later infilled with aeolian detritus often including barium sulfate. Since these infilled hollows are known to produce anomalous varnish cation ratios, high barium values can, therefore, be used as an indicator that a sample is inappropriate for cation-ratio dating. The glacial chronology at Pine Creek, California, is revised in light of new data and a better understanding of variables influencing varnish chemistry.

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Particle induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) has been used in analysis of ink and paper of the 42‐line Bible and other early printed works. Results are reported and their significance discussed.

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