Wisconsin has long served as a laboratory for American federalism. In the 1990s, its public health system depended on a delicate equilibrium among federal, state, and local agencies, with little prospect for additional public funding. This article describes how the Wisconsin Division of Public Health devised a new system of funding based on a quasi‐market model, which cut the link between reimbursement and costs and at the same time gave local governments greater flexibility in providing public health services.
Although they are not even mentioned in the U.S. Constitution and they are subordinate to the state in Wisconsin, local governments provide the bulk of the state's public health services (Donoghue 1979). This paradoxical imbalance between legislative power and administrative responsibility was not at issue during the nineteenth century, when public health services were rudimentary. In 1839, municipalities obtained the power to establish boards of health, and by 1883, all municipalities were required to have their own boards of health, the costs of which were left to the local taxpayers.
He had died ignominiously and swiftly of pneumonia following measles, without ever having gotten any closer to the Yankees than the camp in South Carolina.(Mitchell 1960 [1936])Writing for an American audience in the 1930s, Margaret Mitchell was able to dispatch the husband of Scarlett O’Hara with a certain irony. By then measles had become a childhood disease that was seldom fatal. During the nineteenth century, however, measles was not so lightly dismissed. Epidemics in populations with high proportions of susceptible individuals could be dangerous indeed. This article traces the history of measles in South Africa, showing how political and economic changes temporarily produced conditions that led to a devastating epidemic during the Boer War (1899–1902). It then compares the history of measles in South Africa with that in Great Britain and closes with a discussion of the relationship between human and biological causes in the history of the disease.
B. Fetter — Déchiffrage et interprétation des dénombrements centrafricains : données vitales d'un témoin équivoque.
Les dénombrements conduits par les autorités belges et anglaises permettent l'analyse des structures de la population coloniale par région et par époque. Le pourcentage des filles de moins de quinze ans peut être estimé en divisant le nombre de garçons de moins de quinze ans par la population féminine globale. Les estimations extrapolées des tables de Coale et Demeny montrent que la diminution pourrait s'expliquer par l'esclavage domestique aussi bien que par les impositions coloniales. Les grands accroissements ne datent que d'après la Deuxième Guerre mondiale.
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