To determine the willingness to pay (WTP) for a hypothetical groundwater protection plan in Dover, New Hampshire, a mail contingent valuation survey was conducted. The median WTP value among Dover residents was estimated to be $40 per household, and the community WTP value is estimated to be at least $100,000 annually for a groundwater protection plan. The assessed land values of respondents as well as their incomes were shown to positively influence their WTP values, while their ages had a negative influence on WTP. A variety of other socioeconomic variables were shown to have no influence on individuals WTP for groundwater protection. This research illustrates a methodology that other researchers, and water resource managers can use to estimate the value which people place on various water resources and can help to predict whether water policies and projects will be accepted by the public.
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SUMMARYThe conditional score function has previously been shown to generate the optimal estimating equation for a parameter of interest when the conditioning statistic is complete and sufficient for the nuisance parameters (Godambe, 1976). The present paper generalizes these results to partial likelihood factorizations and then examines the nature of the problem when the appropriate conditioning statistics depend on the parameter of interest. In this case, globally optimal estimating functions are impossible. A weaker criterion of optimal weighting leads to a class of estimated conditional score functions which satisfy an information equality.
Management of private land for ecological outcomes has emerged as an important facet of biodiversity management and ecological restoration in Australia. Common law conservation contracts and conservation covenants are important tools within this framework of private land conservation. They can provide legal protections to biodiversity and natural assets on private land, as well as legal frameworks, in the form of obligations, to restoration programs. They can provide distinct qualities of binding obligation: fixed term or enduring. Conservation contracts and covenants need to be recognized as possessing both transactional and relational qualities, and these qualities should be considered and reflected in the design of agreements and in practices of conservation management and agreement-making. Two design questions are considered in this article. Conservation agreements need to contend with dynamism in ecological and social realities and this may be accommodated in mechanisms for adjustment of obligations between or within agreements. Dispute management is a second field of practice and drafting requiring attention. Constructing disputes provisions that are adapted and appropriate to long-term conservation actions and restoration initiatives is reflective of good faith principles and can include scope for graduated, independent, corrective, and fair arrangements, informed as necessary by expert input.
Implications for Practice• Conservation contracts and covenants are important instruments for agreement-based conservation management and due regard should be given to design of those agreements, including legal content, and impacts on conservation practice. • Conservation contracts and conservation covenants should be viewed in terms of relational, as well as transactional, characteristics of agreements. • Conservation contracts and conservation covenants should contemplate and incorporate measures for adaptation and adjustment of obligations and for appropriate dispute resolution.
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