The growth of trade after 1860 has been attributed to declining tariffs, to falling transport costs, and, recently, to monetary arrangements. However, coincident with the rise of trade the second half of the nineteenth century saw the development of the first electric communication network: the telegraph. The first successful trans-oceanic cable was operating in 1865. The telegraph remained the only direct trans-oceanic communication link until into the twentieth century. Little research has been conducted explicitly linking the impact of telegraphs on international shipping and international trade. A panel is used to show that there is a correlation between the diffusion of the telegraph, co-ordination of shipping, and the growth of world trade even controlling for the impact of other well-studied effects. The telegraph reduced the time ships spent in port and allowed ships to travel farther among ports to collect more valuable cargo.
Three questions regarding the relationship between untied assistance and donor country exports are investigated. First, do untied aid flows cause donor country exports to increase, reflecting the goodwill of the recipient towards the donor? Second, does strong export performance financially enable or politically encourage the donor country to increase its level of untied aid to the recipient? Third, does causality proceed in both directions simultaneously? Using German data for the period 1973-1995, results vary across subsamples defined according to the recipient countries' region, income and ties to Germany.
We introduce a new financial weather derivative-a drought option contract-designed to protect agricultural producers from potential income loss due to agricultural drought. The contract is based on an index that reflects the severity of drought over a long period. By modeling temperature and precipitation, we price a hypothetical drought contract based on data from the Jinan climate station located in a dry region of China.
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