The application of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to anion separations with a special emphasis on anion selectivity is reviewed. The coordination frameworks are classified on the basis of the main interactions to the included anion, from weak and non-specific van der Waals forces to more specific interactions such as coordination to Lewis acid metal centers or hydrogen bonding. The importance of anion solvation phenomena to the observed anion selectivities is highlighted, and strategies for reversing the Hofmeister bias that favors large, less hydrophilic anions, and for obtaining peak
The development of ion-pair receptors, with the goal of achieving a higher level of control over recognition than that obtainable from simple ion binding, has intrigued researchers in supramolecular chemistry over the past decade.[1] Many reports have appeared during this period that describe the synthesis and study of very sophisticated receptor designs incorporating a range of electron-pair donor and acceptor groups. Most, if not all, of this work has been performed in the context of creating so-called ion-pair or salt hosts that will bind cation-anion pairs in homogeneous solution or enhance their extraction or transport under interfacial conditions. Whether the ditopic architecture in such systems confers real advantages over simpler combinations of single-ion receptors remains an open question. However, the utility of ion-pair
Achievement of sustainability in metal life cycles from mining of virgin ore to consumer and industrial devices to end-of-life products requires greatly increased recycling rates and improved processing of metals using conventional and green chemistry technologies. Electronic and other high-tech products containing precious, toxic, and specialty metals usually have short lifetimes and low recycling rates. Products containing these metals generally are incinerated, discarded as waste in landfills, or dismantled in informal recycling using crude and environmentally irresponsible procedures. Low recycling rates of metals coupled with increasing demand for high-tech products containing them necessitate increased mining with attendant environmental, health, energy, water, and carbon-footprint consequences. In this tutorial review, challenges to achieving metal sustainability, including projected use of urban mining, in present high-tech society are presented; health, environmental, and economic incentives for various government, industry, and public stakeholders to improve metal sustainability are discussed; a case for technical improvements, including use of molecular recognition, in selective metal separation technology, especially for metal recovery from dilute feed stocks is given; and global consequences of continuing on the present path are examined.
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