ABSTRACT. This paper presents the first complete data of global downwelling irradiance (Ed) and the diffuse attenuation coefficient (K,,) for solar ultraviolet-B (UVB; 280 to 320 nm) in tropical waters. The penetration of solar UVB into shallow (0 to 5 m) seawater a t 3 sites in the central Indian Ocean and Andaman Sea, adjacent to areas of coral reefs. 1 t . d~ studied using a semi-submersible scanning spectroradiometer. Downwelling global spectral irradiance (E,) w~i s measured at 2 nm intervals over the wavebands 280-320 nm (UVB), 320-400 nm (U\-:\) and 400-700 n m (PAR) above the sea surface (O* m) and at each of 5 depths (1, 2, 3. 4, and 5 m). The 3 sltes consisted of a n ocean atoll in the Maldives (central Indian Ocean), a small (8 km') high island 11 km off the continental coastline at Phuket, Thailand (Andaman Sea), and a n inshore reef at Phuket. E, at each of the depths was integrated over the wavebands as a percentage of the above-watcr irradiance. E,(UVB) at 5 m depth was found to decrease to 12"& of incident ~rradiancye at the mid-occan atoll, to 2 % for the high island site, and to 0.4 %) in the turbid waters of the inshore reef. A 1 'X, Ed(UVB) depth was computed for each site and found to be 11, 6, and 3 m respectively. The diffuse attenuation for downwelling irradiance (Kd) for the depth range 0-m (just below the surface) to 5 m showed a very rapid attenuation with decreasing ~vavelength in the UVB at all sites. Biological damage potential, as weighted by the DNA-damage action spectrum, showed a more rapid attenuation with depth than Ed(UVB), w~t h a 1 % EDN, depth of 9 m for the ocean atoll, 4.7 m for the coastal island, and 2.6 m for the inshore reef.
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