No abstract

Likely candidates for the global potential energy minima of (H2O) n clusters with n ≤ 21 on the (0001) surface of graphite are found using basin-hopping global optimization. The potential energy surfaces are constructed using the TIP4P intermolecular potentials for the water molecules (the TIP3P is also explored as a secondary choice), a Lennard-Jones water−graphite potential, and a water−graphite polarization potential that is built from classical electrostatic image methods and takes into account both the perpendicular and the parallel electric polarizations of graphite. This potential energy surface produces a rather hydrophobic water−graphite interaction. As a consequence, the water component of the lowest graphite−(H2O) n minima is quite closely related to low-lying minima of the corresponding TIP4P (H2O) n clusters. In about half of the cases, the geometrical substructure of the water molecules in the graphite−(H2O) n global minimum coincides with that of the corresponding free water cluster. Exceptions occur when the interaction with graphite induces a change in geometry. A comparison of our results with available theoretical and experimental data is performed.

With the objective of establishing the importance of water flexibility in empirical models which explicitly include nuclear quantum effects, we have carried out path integral Monte Carlo simulations in water clusters with up to seven molecules. Two recently developed models have been used for comparison: the rigid TIP4PQ/2005 and the flexible q-TIP4P/F models, both inspired by the rigid TIP4P/2005 model. To obtain a starting configuration for our simulations, we have located the global minima for the rigid TIP4P/2005 and TIP4PQ/2005 models and for the flexible q-TIP4P/F model. All the structures are similar to those predicted by the rigid TIP4P potential showing that the charge distribution mainly determines the global minimum structure. For the flexible q-TIP4P/F model, we have studied the geometrical distortion upon isotopic substitution by studying tritiated water clusters. Our results show that tritiated water clusters exhibit an r(OT) distance shorter than the r(OH) distance in water clusters, not significant changes in the Phi(HOH) angle, and a lower average dipole moment than water clusters. We have also carried out classical simulations with the rigid TIP4PQ/2005 model showing that the rotational kinetic energy is greatly affected by quantum effects, but the translational kinetic energy is only slightly modified. The potential energy is also noticeably higher than in classical simulations. Finally, as a concluding remark, we have calculated the formation energies of water clusters using both models, finding that the formation energies predicted by the rigid TIP4PQ/2005 model are lower by roughly 0.6 kcal/mol than those of the flexible q-TIP4P/F model for clusters of moderate size, the origin of this difference coming mainly from the geometrical distortion of the water molecule in the clusters that causes an increase in the intramolecular potential energy.

We study the water octamer in a uniform electric field using the all-exchanges parallel tempering Monte Carlo method in the canonical ensemble. The heat capacity, quenched energy configurations, and the order parameter Q(4) are employed to understand the phase changes observed as a function of temperature and the strength of the applied electric field. At a low field strength of 0.1 V A(-1) a solidlike to liquidlike "melting" transition is detected. The corresponding heat capacity peak appears around 206 K, where Q(4) shows a significant change of slope. For E> or =0.5 V A(-1) such features are absent. However, at E=0.5 V A(-1) we find a solidlike to solidlike transition between cubic and extended structures around T approximately 25 K.

the three TIPNP (N ) 3, 4, 5) water-water interaction models, and basin-hopping global optimization are used to find the likely candidates for the global potential energy minima of (H 2 O) n clusters with n e 21 on the (0001) surface of graphite and to perform a comparative study of these minima. We show that, except for the smaller clusters (n < 6), for which ab initio results are available, the three water-water potential models provide mostly nonequivalent conformations. While TIP3P seems to favor monolayer water structures for n < 18, TIP4P and TIP5P favor bilayer or volume structures for n > 6. These n values determine the threshold of dominance of the hydrophobic nature of the water-graphite interaction at the nanoscopic scale for these potential models.