Addiction to nicotine and ability to quit smoking are influenced by genetic factors. We used functional genomic approaches (chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and whole genome sequencing) to identify CREB targets following chronic nicotine administration and withdrawal in rodents. fWe found that chronic nicotine and withdrawal differentially modulate CREB binding to the gene for Neuregulin 3 (NRG3). Quantitative analysis of saline, nicotine, and nicotine withdrawal in two biological replicates corroborate this finding, with NRG3 increases in both mRNA and protein following withdrawal from chronic nicotine treatment. To translate these data for human relevance, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across NRG3 were examined for association with prospective smoking cessation among smokers of European ancestry treated with transdermal nicotine in two independent cohorts. Individual SNP and haplotype analysis support association of NRG3 SNPs and smoking cessation success. NRG3 is a neural-enriched member of the EGF family, and a specific ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB4, which is also up-regulated following nicotine treatment and withdrawal. Mice with significantly reduced levels of NRG3 or pharmacological inhibition of ErbB4 show similar reductions in anxiety following nicotine withdrawal compared to control animals, suggesting a role for NRG3 in nicotine dependence. While the function of the SNP in NRG3 in humans is not known, these data suggest that Nrg3/ErbB4 signaling may be an important factor in nicotine dependence.

Nicotine dependence is a chronic, relapsing disorder with complex biological mechanisms underlying the motivational basis for this behavior. Although more than 70 % of current smokers express a desire to quit, most relapse within one year, underscoring the need for novel treatments. A key focus of translational research models addressing nicotine dependence has been on cross-validation of human and animal models in order to improve the predictive value of medication screening paradigms. In this chapter, we review several lines of research highlighting the utility of cross-validation models in elucidating the biological underpinnings of nicotine reward and reinforcement, identifying factors which may influence individual response to treatment, and facilitating rapid translation of findings to practice.