Ice-slush-chilled versus air-chilled broilers were studied for differences in the heme pigment levels in the gizzard, breast, and thigh muscles. Significant differences (P<05) were observed in pigment levels among the breast, thigh, and gizzard. However, no significant effects on hemoglobin and myoglobin levels were observed between chilling methods. There was a significant difference (P<05) in cytochrome c levels between chilling methods. The observed difference in cytochrome c levels may be a contributing factor in the development of color problems in either fresh or processed poultry meat. Hunterlab L values were significantly (P<.05) negatively correlated (r >-.97) and t^ values were significantly positively correlated (r>.85) with the total heme pigment levels present in the breast muscle. (

The objective of the present research was to determine the effects of CO2 as an immobilization agent on turkey meat quality. In the study, two concentrations of CO2 were used, 40 and 60%; electrical stunning served as the control. As compared with electrical stunning, there was a significant (P<05) reduction in severity of struggle during the lag stage of immobilization with both concentrations of CO2; during the lag phase of CO2 immobilization the bird shows no sign of stress. Hemorrhagic scores for the thigh muscle were significantly lower (P<.05) for the 40 and 60% CO2 groups when compared with the electrical stunning treatment Total heme pigments and hemoglobin concentrations were significantly lower in the groups immobilized by OO2 (P<05) than in the control group. However, control birds exhibited significantly (P<05) lower levels of cytochrome c when compared with the groups immobilized by CO2. Postslaughter pH of birds immobilized with CO2 was significantly (P<.05) lower than that of the control groups. There was no significant difference (P<05) in water holding capacity between treatment groups. Shear force was significantly lower (P<.05) for the 40% CO2 treatment group, when compared with other immobilization treatments. These results indicate that CO2 immobilization may have potential application as a humane stunning technique. (

Research has shown that students have difficulties in understanding topographic maps and landforms associated with contour patterns and therefore have problems in reading and interpreting topographic maps and relating these 2-dimensional representa-tions to a real 3-dimensional environment. However, maps are a fundamental tool for understanding geographical concepts and solving geographical problems. Current research indicates that this is not uniquely a South African problem and various at-tempts have been made to address this problem such as the use of videos, models and fieldtrips – each with their own limita-tions and difficulties. Nevertheless, the ability to visualize in 3-dimensions from a 2-dimensional representation is an essential skill in understanding and interpreting topographical maps. To address the problem of 3-D visualisation, an augmented reality sandbox (AR-Sandbox) was introduced to a Geography classroom, to Grade 11 students at a Secondary school in Johannes-burg, South Africa. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of using the AR-Sandbox to enhance the learning of – and improve the learner's performance – in mapwork, and thereby address the problems experienced with 3-D visualisation. The results of the pre-test and post-intervention test are presented and show that the AR-Sandbox is an effective tool for en-hancing an understanding of landscapes rather an improving performance in the construction of cross-sectional profiles.

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1 989) Hypertension (Dallas) 13,941 -947 15.