It can be challenging to set protected area entrance fees without information on how much visitors are willing to pay. It is particularly difficult for agencies managing multiple sites to set fees without conducting surveys at each location. In order to examine how willingness to pay estimates would vary across sites with distinctive profiles, 877 visitors at five Mexican protected sites (Calakmul, Cobá, Palenque, Sian Ka’an, and Yum Balam) were interviewed through double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation surveys. The results suggest that visitors would be willing to pay higher entrance fees, with mean maximum willingness to pay estimates of 2.8–9.8 times current fees, ranging from US$15.70 to US$25.83. Visitor demand was found to be relatively inelastic, with aggregate fee rises of 26% estimated to result in a 5% decrease in visitation. These results suggest that there is room to raise revenues through moderate fee increases without a concomitant drop-off in visitation.

Determining the value of environmental goods that impact human populations, such as potable water, is often highly problematic. The all‐too‐common lack of realistic markets for the provisioning of these goods necessitates the use of nonmarket valuation techniques. Contingent valuation surveys are often an appropriate method, thanks to their ability to value hypothetical changes and nonuse values, and their limited prior data requirements. When properly implemented, contingent valuation surveys can estimate the maximum willingness to pay of surveyed individuals, allowing the value of the environmental good to be accurately measured. An analysis of the extant body of contingent valuation studies of rural potable water systems in developing and emerging countries indicates that rural water consumers are willing to pay, often substantially, for the creation of a potable water system or for improvements to existing system. Studies involving changes to existing potable water system, through improving an existing system for greater reliability or sustainability, showed a high degree of consistency in respondents' willingness to pay estimates as a percentage of income or current water tariff. Higher incomes, higher levels of education and youth, among other characteristics, were found to be positively correlated with higher willingness to pay estimates. Future contingent valuation studies focusing on improving comparability through greater methodological consistency, and addressing the impact of community power dynamics, intercommunal cleavages, and subsidies could be especially productive. This article is categorized under: Human Water > Value of Water Engineering Water > Planning Water Human Water > Water Governance

When compared with other stated preference valuation methodologies, deliberative valuation gives participants more time and information, potentially resulting in more valid and reliable estimations and higher participant confidence. However, it also has weaknesses, such as small sample sizes, lower participant diversity, and high costs. This paper proses a minimalist framework for deliberation that increases sample size and lowers the cost per participant through short, structured deliberative sessions and the use of deliberative sub-groups. A case study was conducted with 192 landholders in south-eastern Mexico, examining how participants’ perceptions of benefits from communal forest lands would impact their willingness to accept (WTA) comparatively lower payments to participate in a Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) program. The results suggest that a majority of landholders would accept a lower payment level to participate in a PES program over a degradative alternative, with 45.5% of participants surveyed willing to accept a 45% reduction in payments to participate in the PES program. The minimalist framework had an impact on participants’ rate of acceptance, with a 13.8% increase in the percentage of participants willing to accept the PES offer post-deliberation. The impact on participant confidence was stronger, with a 31.2% increase in the percentage of participants expressing confidence in their choice after deliberations.

A483 the assessments with an ASMR I, II or III. 70% (n = 49) of the remaining evaluations where ASMR IV or V. ConClusions: In the first six years mAbs were perceived as a disruptive innovation to a significant proportion of ASMRs between I and III as a reward for research and development efforts of the manufacturer. This research suggest that mAbs manufacturers no longer benefit from a 'first mover' advantage and may face higher scrutiny from the TC and greater price pressure from the French pricing committee.

Objectives: Currently there is no formal HTA agency in Russia, although the need for HTA as an evidence tool for policy makers is increasing due to budget constraints. However, there are HTA bodies which to some extent influence decison makers through publications of pharmacoeconomic studies. The objective of the present study was to gain insights into the current activities of existing HTA organizations and research trends in developing HTA in Russia. MethOds: A manual search of four Russian HTA organizations' websites was conducted to find pharmacoeconomic assessments published from 1998 onwards. Per agency, all relevant reports were categorized by therapeutic area and publication date. Any revealed patterns in the HTA topics were in-depth analyzed and compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) country profile of Russia. Results: In total, 180 pharmacoeconomic assessments published by four Russian HTA organizations were identified. Overall, the majority of studies were performed in cardiovascular (n= 45; 25%) and oncology (n= 32; 18%) disease areas, which are according to the WHO, the two leading causes of death, both in Russia and globally. The total number of pharmacoeconomic publications per year has been constantly increasing from one study in