Radical SAM (S-adenosyl-L-methionine), cobalamin-dependent methyltransferases have been proposed to catalyze the methylations of unreactive carbon or phosphorus atoms in antibiotic biosynthetic pathways. To date, none of these enzymes have been purified or shown to be active in vitro. Here we demonstrate the activity of the P-methyltransferase enzyme, PhpK, from the phosalacine producer Kitasatospora phosalacinea. PhpK catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from methylcobalamin to 2-acetylamino-4-hydroxyphosphinylbutanoate (N-acetyldemethylphosphinothricin or NAcDMPT) to form 2-acetylamino-4-hydroxymethylphosphinylbutanoate (N-acetylphosphinothricin or NAcPT). This transformation gives rise to the only carbon-phosphorus-carbon linkage known to occur in Nature.

Small business lending by the four largest banks fell sharply relative to others in 2008 and remained depressed through 2014. We explore the dynamic adjustment process following this credit supply shock. In counties where the largest banks had a high market share, the aggregate flow of small business credit fell, interest rates rose, fewer businesses expanded, unemployment rose, and wages fell from 2006 to 2010. While the flow of credit recovered after 2010 as other lenders slowly filled the void, interest rates remain elevated. Although unemployment returns to normal by 2014, the effect on wages persists in these areas.

In this multisite comparison, initial surgery and sclerotherapy for head and neck LMs were similar in effectiveness and resource utilization. Higher stage predicted greater resource utilization.

Adult tonsillectomy alone has beneficial effect in OSA management, particularly in young overweight men with large tonsils, moderate OSA, and low Friedman stage.

Patients with isolated propranolol-treated NIH were less likely to undergo invasive treatment, but despite its implementation, the need for invasive treatment was not totally supplanted by its use.