This is a review of Great Lakes coastal wetland protection measures for both the United States andCanada, including regulatory mechanisms, tax incentives, securement stewardship initiatives and special programs/partnerships. International, federal, provincial, state, and local government and nongovernment programs are reviewed with commentary on effectiveness of such programs. Programs vary in scope and comprehensiveness at all levels. Major recent initiatives focus on water quality improvement from federal/state government and waterfowl habitat restoration from government/nongovernment partnerships.
This article shows that the timing and nature of policies hostile to foreign direct investment stem both from the transaction costs of negotiating with different host country agencies, and from changes to domestic and international coalitions. Divided agency jurisdiction is modeled as a partial property right to the use of a resource. Host industries lacking political cohesion allow foreign firms economic opportunities and a stronger political voice. Qualitative and quantitative evidence from five fisheries in the United States and Canada confirm that the costs of negotiating with a fractured government and the opportunity to form transnational coalitions lead host countries to adopt policies that will facilitate forced divestment. These policies vary in respect to their timing and format.
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