In this paper, a complete simulation model of a grid-connected single-phase two-stage photovoltaic (PV) system with associated controllers is presented. The simulation model is developed in PSCAD/EMTDC simulation program. The component models of the grid-connected PV system include a PV array, a dc-dc boost converter, a voltage source converter (VSC) and an LCL filter. Components of the LCL filter, the dclink capacitor of the VSC and the inductor of the dc-dc boost converter are established theoretically and that are used in modelling the grid-connected PV system. The control architecture of the presented system incorporates a synchronous reference frame phase-locked-loop (s-PLL), a stationary frame current controller, a dc-link voltage controller, a dc-dc boost converter controller and a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. Control design methodologies are described in detail. Simulation studies confirm that the modelling and control design approaches taken are robust and lead to a system with acceptable performance. Abstract-In this paper, a complete simulation model of a gridconnected single-phase two-stage photovoltaic (PV) system with associated controllers is presented. The simulation model is developed in PSCAD/EMTDC simulation program. The component models of the grid-connected PV system include a PV array, a dc-dc boost converter, a voltage source converter (VSC) and an LCL filter. Components of the LCL filter, the dc-link capacitor of the VSC and the inductor of the dc-dc boost converter are established theoretically and that are used in modelling the grid-connected PV system. The control architecture of the presented system incorporates a synchronous reference frame phase-locked-loop (s-PLL), a stationary frame current controller, a dc-link voltage controller, a dc-dc boost converter controller and a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. Control design methodologies are described in detail. Simulation studies confirm that the modelling and control design approaches taken are robust and lead to a system with acceptable performance.
In future low voltage grids, with multiple inverter interfaced sources connected, voltage regulation may become a necessary task. The potential exists for inverter interfaced sources to be deployed to regulate the voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) of each inverter interfaced sources. The PCC voltage regulation is attainable with inverter interfaced sources by dynamically controlling the amount of reactive power injected to the power distribution grid by individual systems. In the current research, a closed-loop controller is proposed to regulate the PCC voltage of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system that is connected to a single-phase power distribution feeder (with R to X ratio greater than 1). The plant model of the PCC voltage controller of the PV system is derived considering both reactance and resistance of the network to which the PV system is connected. Three different compensators are evaluated to identify a suitable compensator for the closed-loop PCC voltage controller to regulate the PCC voltage at a given reference voltage. Simulation studies and experimental verification confirm that the theoretical approach taken to derive the control plant model of the PCC voltage controller is accurate and the procedure that is followed to design the controller is robust. The control design procedures illustrated in the current research leads to a PCC voltage control system with acceptable dynamic and steady state performance. 2013 IEEE.
The voltage rise of the low voltage (LV) power distribution grid to which multiple solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are integrated is a critical technical problem that should be addressed. With PV systems that are integrated to the LV power distribution grid (with an $R$ to $X$ ratio greater than unity) via voltage source converters, the opportunity exists to regulate the respective point of common coupling (PCC) voltages by dynamically controlling the active and reactive power response of PV systems. In this paper, two closed-loop controllers that are able to regulate the PCC voltage by dynamically controlling the active and reactive power response of the PV system are presented. The design methodology is presented with considerable detail. The plant model of each controller is derived and the design procedure of each controller is explained in detail. By combining the dynamic active and reactive power controllers proposed in this paper, two novel operating strategies for PV systems, fixed minimum power factor operation and fixed maximum apparent power operation, are introduced. The latter operating strategy has been identified as the most efficient way of regulating the PCC voltage of a PV system. The simulation results and experimental validation confirm the accuracy of the derived plant models, the robustness of the designed controllers and the feasibility of implementing the proposed novel operating strategies in PV systems. AbstractThe voltage rise of the low voltage (LV) power distribution grid to which multiple solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are integrated is a critical technical problem that should be addressed. With PV systems that are integrated to the LV power distribution grid (with an R to X ratio greater than unity) via voltage source converters, the opportunity exists to regulate the respective point of common coupling (PCC) voltages by dynamically controlling the active and reactive power response of PV systems. In this paper, two closed-loop controllers that are able to regulate the PCC voltage by dynamically controlling the active and reactive power response of the PV system are presented. The design methodology is presented with considerable detail. The plant model of each controller is derived and the design procedure of each controller is explained in detail. By combining the dynamic active and reactive power controllers proposed in this paper, two novel operating strategies for PV systems, fixed minimum power factor operation and fixed maximum apparent power operation, are introduced. The latter operating strategy has been identified as the most efficient way of regulating the PCC voltage of a PV system. The simulation results and experimental validation confirm the accuracy of the derived plant models, the robustness of the designed controllers and the feasibility of implementing the proposed novel operating strategies in PV systems.
With an increasing penetration of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, power distribution grids are becoming more susceptible to network voltage rise. As per applicable standards for grid-integrated PV systems, a PV system must be automatically disconnected from the grid when the terminal voltage of the PV system exceeds a defined maximum voltage. With this directive, in certain situations, PV systems connected at nodes at which the voltage sensitivity is high, may be disconnected from the grid while PV systems connected at less sensitive nodes are continuing to operate. In such a situation, owners whose PV systems are connected at nodes at which the voltage sensitivity is high, may loose their revenue. In order to minimise such a disadvantage, the current research proposes a power sharing methodology for PV systems that are connected to a radial distribution feeder by allocating a grid voltage bandwidth for each PV system to operate. The proposed method enables equal power sharing among multiple PV systems in situations where disconnection of PV systems may be necessary due to the presence of high voltages in the grid in the absence of such a power sharing methodology. Simulation results presented in this paper verifies the validity of the developed methodology.
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