This study shows that the eIF2 kinase PERK is required not only for translational control but also for activation of ATF6 and its target genes in the unfolded protein response. The PERK pathway facilitates both the synthesis of ATF6 and trafficking of ATF6 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi for intramembrane proteolysis and activation of ATF6.
This study addresses the mechanisms by which CHOP directs gene regulatory networks and determines cell fate. Transcriptional expression of ATF5 is activated by both CHOP and ATF4 in the integrated stress response. CHOP and ATF5 control a switch to activate apoptotic genes and decrease cell survival in response to loss of proteostatic control.
Background: eIF2ϳP induces translational expression of ATF4, an ISR transcription factor that regulates cell survival during stress. Results: The LIP isoform of C/EBP represses ATF4 transcription during UV stress, reducing ATF4 mRNA available for preferential translation by eIF2ϳP. Conclusion: Transcription of ATF4 is controlled by different stress signaling pathways. Significance: Differential ISR expression during eIF2ϳP is important for alleviation of cell damage during environmental stresses.
Current practice parameters state that extracts rich in proteases, such as fungal and insect extracts, can be combined during preparation of allergy immunotherapy vaccines. However, until recently, this guideline has not been the subject of investigation. Scientists now have data that shed light on high-protease allergenic extract mixtures used in allergy immunotherapy. A study published in Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology in 2012 reports on the compatibility of combining fungal and insect extracts and emphasizes the importance of understanding how protease activities and total glycerin levels in allergy extracts can affect the stability of allergy immunotherapy vaccine mixtures. This research provides a critical assessment of the mixing compatibilitiesof several well-characterized high-protease extracts and may influence future immunotherapy practice parameters and immunotherapy extract preparation guidelines.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.