The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a physiologic measure of cerebral function that has been used by some to assess coma and prognosticate survival and global outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Surface recordings of the brain's electrical activity reveal distinct patterns that indicate injury severity, depth of unconsciousness, and patient survival. The data produced with traditional qualitative studies, however, does not allow resolution and quantification of the wave frequency spectrum present in the brain. As a result, conventional EEG typically has only been used for gross and qualitative analyses and is not practical for use in long-term patient monitoring or as a sophisticated prognostic tool. One area of investigation that is working to address the limitations of conventional EEG has been the development and implementation of Fourier Transform (FT) EEG which resolves and quantifies frequency bands present in the brain. When FT analysis is applied to EEG, it provides concurrent and continuous monitoring, resolution, and quantification of all frequencies emitted. This review discusses the history and significance of conventional EEG and provides a review of how FT-EEG, commonly referred to as Quantitative EEG (QEEG), is being used in the clinical setting. The specific applications and significance of QEEG methods regarding treatment of patients with TBI are discussed in detail. The advantages, disadvantages, and future directions of QEEG in TBI are also discussed.

Tbris paper examines the concept of placing a rover on the Moon as one of the first elements in the Prresident'p Space Exploration Initiative (SEI). The co:ncept, called Rover First, initially serves as a teleoperated explorer and test bed for hardware development. During subsequent manned visits the vehicle is used to provide astronauts with a shirtslepve environment and the radiation protectrion necessary for extended surface exploration. Iletween the piloted missions, the rover is controlled from Earth and continues to serve in a dual (teleoperated and piloted) mode throughout permanent base development. A method to implement an early, low-cost program based on proven systems is presented.

Major aspects of engineering planetary transportation vehicles are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the the mechanics of mobility and mobility system design, including considerations for designing the wheels, drive, steering, and suspension systems. Because mobility performance of any vehicle is extremely sensitive to environmental (e.g. soil properties) and design (e.g. vehicle weight) parameters, the mechanics of mobility are addressed by parametric application as well as empirical (derived relationships and equations) form. Finally, and more philosophical in nature, discussions of the key considerations for designing and analyzing each of the components of mobility (locomotion, steering, suspension, and stability) are also included. These discussions include some general guidelines to assist in determining the values of key design parameters.

Addictions in contemporary society present an increasingly significant problem, which can negatively influence the personality, relationships, and general health status of affected individuals.Current theories regarding the causes of addictions do not provide universally accepted models. Furthermore, the issues of terminology that should be applied to behaviours associated with addictions are still being disputed. The present article discusses the development of classifications of various addiction types.

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The information regarding the state of mental health among medical students, particularly regarding depression, is a significant cause for concern. In fact, current research shows that approximately twenty five percent of medical students in the United States exhibit symptoms of a mental health disorder and some reports suggest that the rate of depression among medical students is more than twice that of the general population. Furthermore, the rate of depression has been noted to increase throughout the course of medical school although some reports suggest that the transition years from basic-to-clinical sciences yield the highest prevalence numbers. Nonetheless, the ever-increasing academic demands of medical school can create significant stress for these students who often experience subjective anxiety, which co-occurs depression, and may ultimately influence their overall health and wellbeing.However, medical students commonly underestimate the risk of depression associated with their population and although they are taught to view mental health disorders in a manner similar to any other disease, depressed students tend to associate a certain stigma with depression when coping with their own mental health issues. As a result, medical students with depression often remain undiagnosed and undertreated despite the availability of effective medications and confidential mental health services. The increased prevalence of depression and its under-diagnosis in this population may have negative consequences that extend beyond the individual student. This paper examines the prevalence of depression among medical students, possible reasons and consequences of their limited treatment, and solutions that have been proposed to help alleviate this burden. Particular emphasis is placed on the latter in order to provide recommendations for depressed medical student counseling and treatment options within the Polish medical education system.

The Internet is a popular and useful tool that has become an integral part of the lifestyle in many cultures but it can also be the focus and cause of psychosocial problems leading to Pathological Internet Use (PIU) or Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD). IAD is a growing international concern which involves a small but significant number of the Internet users who gradually lose control of the time allotted to their online activity and continue “surfing” the Internet despite its damaging effects regarding their social and psychological welfare. Overuse of the Internet often has negative impacts with regard to an affected individual’s occupation or academic performance as well as their relationships and finances. IAD commonly incorporates a myriad of symptoms, which may include craving, preoccupation, loss of control, psychomotor agitation, anxiety, hostility, withdrawal, and depression. Although the associations of IAD with social, educational, and physical variables have often been investigated since the disorder was first recognized in the late 1990s, less attention has been paid to documenting its correlations with mental variables such as depression, anxiety, and stress. However, an increasing proportion of psychological research is beginning to focus on the relationship between problematic Internet usage and depression. This review article examines the current scientific literature discussing the associations between IAD and depression in adolescents and university students. Specifically, this article will examine several studies dealing with depression as a symptom, comorbidity, an essential component of an emerging cycle that may enhance symptoms of IAD, and as a multidimensional symptom measure in IAD. The article will also discuss new research approaches for dealing with the adolescent and university student populations, the importance of recognizing and treating underlying depression in IAD, and the need to increase regional IAD research, especially in central and eastern Europe.

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