.. murumque per octoginta milia passuum primus duxit, qui barbaros Romanosque divideret' (Scriptores Historiae Augustae, Hadrian xi, 2). 'Hadrian was the first to build a wall, eighty miles long, to separate the Romans from the barbarians'. * This paper had its genesis in the annual course 'Hadrian's Wall' sponsored by the Durham University Department of ExtraMural Studies and on which the two authors act as tutors. We would like to thank all the students who took part in discussion on the problems examined in this paper, especially Messrs. B. G. Harris, P. R. Hill, F. C. Lofts and R. Sinclair. Part I is primarily the work of B. Dobson, part IV of D. J. Breeze; parts II and III are joint products, but D. J. Breeze played the major part in preparing them for publication, so the order of names at the head of this paper reflects the share of work as in all our joint publications. The responsibility we are content to share equally.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. This content downloaded from 192.236.36.29 on Mon, 13 Apr 2015 13:34:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and ConditionsEFORE discussing the evidence for the origines of the men recruited into Roman army units in Britain, and the evidence for Britons being recruited into units in Britain or elsewhere, it will be convenient to summarize the evidence for recruitment-patterns for legions and auxilia for the empire as a whole.' It will then be possible to see if the evidence suggests a significantly different situation from that in other provinces, or alternatively if there are similarities which justify the equation of the situation in Britain with that obtaining elsewhere. LEGIONARY RECRUITMENTIn relation to legionary recruitment three points must be noted:2 (i) A careful review of the evidence suggests that, right down to the time of Severus Alexander, new legions were normally raised in Italy: that is, until long after Italians had ceased to volunteer for service in existing legions-a curious anachronism. The reason for the practice is not altogether clear. Did the central government merely ignore the developments that had taken place, and pretend that the legions were still composed only of Italians? Or was this the only way in which new legions could be raised without disrupting the even flow of recruits to existing legions, if, as appears, normal recruitment was, in the second and third centuries, under the control of individual provincial governors? In this connection it may be noted that the normal annual intake for 28 legions on a 25-6 year term of service would be about 5,000 to 6,ooo (with no allowance for extra recruitment to offset deaths during service), so that the demand for about as many men again to form a completely new legion would be a heavy one for the normal recruiting areas to bear. In passing, we can now see why the name Italica arose for the two legions raised by Marcus Aurelius, and probably also for the legion raised by Severus Alexander: they were oddities in a period in which legions did not normally include Italians.4 * The authors wish to thank Professor S. S. Frere for a number of helpful suggestions.
published a short paper on 'The Military Occupation of Roman Wales." It discussed the documentary evidence relating to the Roman conquest of the Welsh tribes and the differing attitudes of these tribes to Rome, but its main importance lay in the six distribution maps illustrating the forts occupied in A.D. 80, 100, 130, 150, 220 and 330. Subsequently Dr J. L. Davies has published a series of nine maps covering the first and second centuries. 2 Two papers have recently extended the same treatment to Scotland. 3 The north of England has never been afforded the same discussion. The most detailed distribution maps published to date are the five which appear in Professor Frere's Britannia.* However, there have been maps and discussions of certain areas such as northwest England, 5 or particular periods. 6 It seems appropriate that a portrayal of the changing face of military deployment in north England over nearly 350 years should appear in a volume dedicated to John Gillam, who has done so much to illuminate the history of the area, not least through his work on that basic dating material, coarse pottery. The placing of symbols on a map, by its very nature, begs some questions, and in particular the nature of the evidence for the occupation of each site. An inscription will indicate activity at a particular point in time but not how long occupation lasted. Only datable artefacts from the fort can do that. While there are few forts which have not been at least trenched, at many the body of dating evidence is too small for statistical analysis. Moreover, many sites were investigated 50 or more years ago and their finds have not, as a body, been re-evaluated since through examination of the objects themselves rather than perusal of the excavation reports. It is a matter of regret that such an examination has not been possible for this paper. However, ' Conventions. On all maps the following conventions are used. A black square indicates occupation at that time. A half-filled square suggests that there is some evidence for occupation at that time, but not sufficient to warrant certainty. Uncertainty is demonstrated by an open square. Forts abandoned since the date of the previous map are scored through and their names given in smaller letters. However, this procedure has not been adopted for uncertain forts as it might be felt that this would give a spurious authority to the available information. Uncertain forts are simply dropped from the maps when it is thought they were abandoned. All maps are reproduced to the scale of 1:2,000,000. Land over 250 m is shaded.
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